Middle Childhood

Question 1

If properly nourished, children grow __-__’’ and gain 8 pounds each year between __ and ____.

Answer 1

2-3”; between 6 and 12

Question 2

Describe girls’ physical growth compared to boys during middle childhood.

Answer 2

Brief period late in this phase when girls become heavier and taller than boys; girls growth spurt occurs approximately 2 years earlier

Question 3

What is the most common nutritional problem for children at this age?

Answer 3

obesity; in the past 20-30 years, the number of overweight children has doubled and adolescents has tripled.

Question 4

The CDC estimates that approximately _____ of U.S. youth ages 2-19 are overweight or at risk for being overweight.

Answer 4

1/3

Question 5

Youth that are overweight are at risk for ______ and ______ disease.

Answer 5

Type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Question 6

Being overweight also places youth at risk for ____?

Answer 6

lower health-related quality of life, depressive symptoms and lower self esteem.

Question 7

What are some causes of being overweight?

Answer 7

overeating, genetic predisposition, parents who themselves have eating and nutritional problems, inactivity

Question 8

Describe the cognitive development stage for middle childhood.

Answer 8

This is Piaget’s Concrete operational stage; contradictions and errors in logic is now replaced by a mature level of thinking.

Question 9

Describe the major characteristics of Concrete Operational stage.

Answer 9

ability to conserve (different sizes, same amount), understand class inclusion (classes of things, animals v dog/cats), understanding numbers & ordering in sequence, thinking is still concrete (bound to real world); don’t contemplate hypothetical, can’t compare ideal to actual

Question 10

Describe the social development stage for middle childhood.

Answer 10

This is Erikson’s Industry v Inferiority stage; development of a positive image (self worth) is critical at this stage.

Question 11

Describe James’ approach to self-worth.

Answer 11

Self-worth is a direct function of the difference between what I would like to be and what I think I am.

Question 12

Describe Cooley’s approach to self-worth.

Answer 12

Self worth is a direct function of what I think others think of me; what significant others think of me is critical.

Question 13

Research by Harter (1987) asked 8-13yo what competence they valued most. What did the results show?

Answer 13

Most important: Physical appearance

Least important: Behavioral Conduct; this research follows James’ approach more

Question 14

Describe the difference in views of friendship between a 5 yo and a 12 yo.

Answer 14

5 yo: assumes that friendship only needs to like each other and play together.
12 yo: believes that friendship needs to know one another, share thoughts and feelings, trust and assistance; depend on them to keep promises and step forward in times of need.

Question 15

Is it more common for children in middle childhood to have several close friends or one best friend?

Answer 15

Several close friends; Peer groups becomes increasingly important.

Question 16

__ - ____% of elementary aged children have no friends.

Answer 16

6-11%

Question 17

What are the 5 categories of social status based on Gottman’s study?

Answer 17

Based on 113 children, 1977; Sociometric Stars (well liked by most), Mixers (high peer interaction, some liked, others not), Teacher Negatives (typically in conflict w/teachers, some well liked, others not), Tuned Out (Not involved, ignored rather than rejected), Rejectees (Not liked by others, rejected, butt of cruel jokes, etc)

Question 18

What are the 5 categories of social status based on Hymel’s study in 2004?

Answer 18

Popular (liked by many peers), rejected (disliked by many peers), controversial (Both liked and disliked by peers), average (liked and disliked but without intensity found for popular, rejected or controversial), Neglected (ignored by peers)

Question 19

Preschoolers spend more than a ______ of their waking time watching TV.

Answer 19

third

Question 20

By age ___, many children will have spent about ______% more time watching TV than going to school and doing schoolwork combined; only _______ will have taken more time than watching television.

Answer 20

18; 50%; sleeping

Question 21

School age children spend ____ to _____ hours each week watching TV.

Answer 21

20 - 25

Question 22

TV viewing time increases gradually during preschool and elementary, reaching a peak at about ___ or ____ years of age.

Answer 22

11-12

Question 23

Which gender tends to watch more TV during middle childhood?

Answer 23

Boys

Question 24

Describe the kind of reasoning used during middle childhood.

Answer 24

Deductive reasoning: drawing conclusions from facts; characteristic of formal-operational thought

Question 25

Describe the relationship between TV viewing and violence.

Answer 25

TV violence does increase viewer aggression; Some research says that long term impact on children is “negligible”; Text sites research that supports the idea that TV violence has a long term impact on aggression in children; additional possible negative effect, violent TV can instill fear

Question 26

Describe some positive effects of TV watching.

Answer 26

language develop. of preschoolers can be significantly improved with educational TV; pro-social behaviors such as friendliness, generosity, cooperation, creativity, empathy and racial tolerance can be improved through wholesome TV

Question 27

What are some ways TV viewing can be regulated for children?

Answer 27

rules around amount of TV watched and types of TV shows they watch; TV shouldn’t be answer to boredom; Adults should watch wit kids and discuss the shows; Parents need their own good TV habits.

Question 28

____% of American youth live in homes with a computer; 3/4 with a _____ device.

Answer 28

90%; tablet device.

Question 29

More than a _____ of US children aged ___ years and younger have used a mobile device to play games.

Answer 29

third; 2 years old

Question 30

Describe three activities youth pursue using media.

Answer 30

Watching videos, playing video games (10% get addicted), & communicating with peers via social media.

Question 31

________ (#) children annually suffer maltreatment or neglect according to the US Dept of Health and Human Services

Answer 31

700,000

Question 32

What percentage of reported abuse is physical abuse? Describe physical abuse.

Answer 32

20%; Physical harm, difficult to define; Shaken baby syndrome is a specific example.

Question 33

What is the most common cause of death among physically abused infants?

Answer 33

Shaken Baby Syndrome

Question 34

What percentage of reported abuse is physical neglect? Describe physical neglect.

Answer 34

80%; Acs of omission rather than commission; inadequate nourishment, shelter or clothing.

Question 35

25,000 cases of ______ ________ were reported in the U.S. in 1994.

Answer 35

medical neglect

Question 36

What percentage of reported abuse is emotional abuse? Describe emotional abuse.

Answer 36

5%; Shaming, blaming, ridiculing an isolating; effects often invisible - therefore it is seldom reported

Question 37

What percentage of reported abuse is sexual abuse? Describe sexual abuse.

Answer 37

10%; Sexual behaviors that are forced upon a child; also includes propositioning, exhibitionism, etc; victims primarily female and very young.

Question 38

Children as young as ___ years old now watch porn, mostly _____.

Answer 38

9; boys