Early Childhood

Question 1

What ages are considered Early Childhood?

Answer 1

2-6(7)

Question 2

Describe physical/biological development during early childhood.

Answer 2

Year between 2-3, activity level is higher than any other point in lifespan; by 5 yo brain is at 90% of adult weight;

Question 3

Describes Piaget’s view on this stage.

Answer 3

Pre-operational (2-7), with two substages: Preconceptual and Intuitive; Reason is dominated by perception; Intuition vs. Logic

Question 4

Describe the preconceptual substage.

Answer 4

Age 2-4; child begins to symbolize; to mentally represent objects and events; similar objects assumed to be the same (Piaget’s son and snail); transductive reasoning

Question 5

Describe transductive reasoning.

Answer 5

occurs during preconceptual substage (preoperational); making inferences from one particular to another (cat has 4 legs, furry and dog is too, so they’re the same)

Question 6

Describe the intuitive substage.

Answer 6

age 4-7; egocentricity; errors of class inclusion (roses, tulips v flowers), inability to conserve (different size must mean different amount), Centration (Center or focus on one aspect of situation)

Question 7

Describe language development at 4 and 5 years old.

Answer 7

4- complex sentences, adult like grammatical structure; 5- around 14K words

Question 8

What stages are covered in early childhood?

Answer 8

two stages: autonomy/shame, initiative/guilt

Question 9

What are the 3 types of play?

Answer 9

Practice play (physical activity, sensorimotor), pretend play (imagining self, others/objects as something other than what they are - important for cognitive development), social play (play with 2+ children)

Question 10

What are the 4 kinds of social play?

Answer 10

Onlooker play (watches other children play but not participate), parallel play (plays side by side without interacting), associative play (share toys but each child is playing independently, no shared rules or goals), cooperative play (share and help each other to reach shared goals); associative and cooperative play more common around 4 or 5

Question 11

By what age do children identify as a specific gender?

Answer 11

by 3 years old

Question 12

By __ years old, child plays more with same gender.

Answer 12

5

Question 13

Describe common boys’ play.

Answer 13

physical/aggressive, pretend to be super heroes, monsters; boys are more constrained in gender roles - girls can be tomboys but boys can’t be sissy.

Question 14

Describe common girls’ play.

Answer 14

affectionate, compliant, pretend to be cooks, mothers, babies

Question 15

Fewer than ___% of all families fit “typical” family profile.

Answer 15

30%

Question 16

Approximately ___% of children spend average 6 years in _______ parent setting.

Answer 16

50; single

Question 17

Describe the effects of divorce.

Answer 17

harmful for children at any age; particularly harmful when it occurs during childhood & adolescence compared to preschool or college years; effects can persist into adulthood

Question 18

List the main factors why divorce negatively affects children.

Answer 18

1. Absence of parent (usually father)
2. Economic influence
3. Family conflict (stress)
   homes headed by single mothers are often at poverty level

Question 19

What are the 4 types of parenting styles?

Answer 19

Permissive, authoritarian, authoritative, uninvolved

Question 20

Describe permissive parenting style.

Answer 20

autonomy more important than obedience; non-demanding, non-punitive, highly permissive; these children have lowest self esteem; high involvement and low control.

Question 21

Describe authoritarian parenting style.

Answer 21

dogmatic, very controlling, limited autonomy, little recourse to reason, “I’ll tell you what to do…”; these tend to be most religious homes, children view God the same way; low involvement and high control.

Question 22

Describe authoritative parenting style.

Answer 22

Firm control, permits independence but values obedience, democratic, respectful and reasonable; highest self esteem kids; intergenerational transmission (gets passed down through generations); high involvement and control.

Question 23

Describe the uninvolved parenting style.

Answer 23

provide for basic needs but little else; minimal investment and time in children’s life; not as much emotional bonding o support; Low involvement and low control