Lifespan Theories Flashcards
What are the 4 types of theories?
Psychoanalytic (Freud, Erikson), Behavioristic (Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, Bandura), Cognitive (Piaget), Humanistic (Rogers, Maslow)
What does Freud believe drives a person?
Stresses are the unconscious drives; most important causes of human behavior and personality are unconscious
What are the two fundamental drives according to Freud?
Eros - urge to procreate, Thanatos - urge to survive; he believed in strong sexual urges at birth and that sexual pleasure is felt in different ways/parts of the body
What are Freud’s 5 psychosexual stages?
0-18mo: Oral (preoccupation with mouth, sucking)
18 mo-2/3y: Anal (pleasure in bowel movements and withholding bm)
2/3-6yo: Phallic (pleasure from manipulating genitals; Oedipus & Electra)
6-11yo: Latency (loss of interest in sexual gratification, period of identifying with same sex parent)
11+: Genital (adult sexuality, heterosexual interest
What are the 3 components of personality according to Freud?
Id (basic biological urges, immediate gratification, pleasure principle), Ego (rational/cognitive side, begins to develop when demands of Id and reality clash, reality principle), Superego (moral self, develops in early childhood, values, beliefs, behaviors, church, moral principle)
How do defense mechanisms work?
When there is conflict between id, ego and superego, there is anxiety; defense mechanisms help us cope with anxiety; operate on unconscious level; only work if you are unaware (Freduian thought)
What are 3 types of defense mechanisms?
denial, rationalization (coming up with alternate reasons on why something happened), displacement (redirecting feelings to someone else)
Describe Erik Erikson’s view on development.
Stressed role of the ego; ego is more than referee, has more positive thrust, expanded development past childhood into adulthood
What are Erikson’s psychosocial stages?
0-18mo: Trust/Mistrust 18mo-2/3y: Autonomy/shame & doubt 2/3-6y: Initiative/Guilt 6-11y: Industry/Inferiority 11-Adolescence: Identity/Role Confusion Early Adulthood: Intimacy/Isolation Middle Adulthood: Generativity/Self-absorption Late Adulthood: Integrity/Despair
Describe the Trust vs Mistrust stage.
0-18 mo; develop sufficient trust in the world
Describe the Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt stage
18 mo - 2/3 years; develop sense of control over life.
Describe the Initiative vs Guilt stage
2/3y-6years; Develop sense of self (responsibility for own actions)
Describe the Industry vs Inferiority stage.
6-11y: Develop sense of self worth
Describe the Identity vs Identity Confusion stage.
11-Adolescence; Develop strong sense of identity (ego)
Describe the Intimacy vs. Isolation stage.
Early adulthood; develop close relationships
Describe the generativity vs self-absorption stage
Middle adulthood; contribute to the world
Describe the Integrity vs despair stage.
Late adulthood; coming to terms with life/death (no regrets)
Describe the behavioristic approach.
aka Learning theory approach; focus on the behavior and environmental forces; no mention of unconscious, instead replaced with conditioning, reinforcement, punishment, stimulant/response; environment is most important;
What are the three ways of learning according to behaviorists?
- Classical conditioning (Pavlov, Watson) 2. Operant Conditioning (Skinner) 3. Social Learning Modeling/Observational Learning (Bandura)
Define Classical Conditioning.
Taking a natural stimulus pairing it with a non-natural stimulus so that the non-stimulus elicits the same response as the natural stimulus; learning by association - responsible for many emotions; not very important after age of 6.
Define Operant Conditioning
consequences of a response determine how likely it will be repeated’ behaviors that are reinforced tend to be repeated; opposite also true.
Reinforcement
any/all stimuli that increases probability of a behavior occuring
Punishment
aimed at suppressing behavior; punishment alone never teaches; must be consistent to be effective; closer its administered to the offense, the better
Describe Piaget’s views on development.
Cognitive focus; quality over quantity; children think differently in each stage
What are Piaget’s 4 stages of development?
Sensorimotor - 0-2, Preoperational 2-7, Concrete Operational 7-11(12), Formal Operational 11(12)-14(15)
Describe the humanistic view
Rogers, Maslow; concerned with the uniqueness of individual; internal drive that helps us realize our own potential
Describe Roger’s view.
“Care bear” of theorists; talks about striving to become fully functioning persons
What are the hierarchy of needs according to Maslow?
Bottom to top: physical needs, safety needs, belonging needs, self esteem, self actualization
Describe the concept of self efficacy.
people’s beliefs about their own abilities and talents
