Infancy Flashcards
Describe the 3 stages of infancy.
Birth-1 mo = Newborn
1 mo-1 yr = Infant
1 yr - 2 yrs = Toddler
CNS (brain) is functionally immature until ___ months with minimum activity in ______ area.
7; cortex
Between birth and ___ months, the brain grows and ________ in weight.
24; triples
Give examples of newborn reflex.
Sucking, rooting (head turning), moro reflex (startle response), Babinski reflex (fanning toes when tickled on bottom of foot), Palmer reflex (grasping), blinking reflex, stepping reflex
What senses are present at birth?
smell/taste/hearing are almost fully developed at birth, hearing, smell, taste
When do infants become sensitive to touch?
(pain) within few hours of birth
When do infants develop 20/20 vision? color preference? depth perception?
approx. 6-12 months; preference for color comes at 3-4 months; depth perception comes with crawling stage
Describe the infant’s motor development.
5/5.4 mo - roll over 7/7 -sit w/o support 10/12 mo- pull self up to a stand 11/12 mo - walk with help 14/15 mo - walk alone
Describe object permanence.
knowledge that objects exist independently; not complete until 18 months according to Piaget; possible primitive knowledge
Piaget’s theory underestimates _________ competence in infants/young children and overestimates it in _______.
cognitive; adolescents
Piaget’s stage model doesn’t account for ______ in children’s performance.
variability
Piaget’s theory is _____ concerning _______ and ________ of change.
vague; processes; mechanisms
Piaget’s theory undervalues the influence of the _______ environment on ______ development.
sociocultural; cognitive
What does “Naiive Theories” mean?
Piaget’s belief that children are like scientists and formulate theories about how the world works; their theories are called Naiive Theories, but they are valuable because they allow children and adults to understand new experiences and predict future events.
What is the core knowledge hypothesis?
infants are born with rudimentary knowledge of the world, which is elaborated based on experiences.
What does additional research show infants know about objects?
they know that objects move continuously on a path, not magically from one spot to another; objects are solid and cannot “pass through” each other; objects must contact others to cause movement; also can tell the difference between solid and liquid objects; expect unsupported objects to fall
What is the LAD?
(Learning Acquisition Devise) Chomsky’s discovery of actual neurological structure in the brain; Children can learn any language anywhere and only human beings have this ability; Social interaction is very important for LAD.
Describe the stages of language acquisition.
Birth: crying primary communication 1-4 mo: cooing, squealing 6 mo: Babbling (like syllables) 12 mo: 1st word spoken 18 mo: 2 word combos; 3-50 word vocab. 24 mo: short sentences; 50-300 vocab.
Describe the developmental stages for this age (Freud, Erikson, Piaget)
Freud - Oral, Erikson’s Trust V Mistrust, Piaget - Sensorimotor
Define Bonding.
the emotional bond that parents feel toward the infant.
Define Attachment.
emotional bond that child feels toward the parent or caregivers.
Mothers who held their child within 2 hours of birth were found to ______?
hold their babies more often, hold them longer, breastfeed longer, talk to them more frequently/longer
What is FFT?
Failure to thrive; Maternal deprivation or lack of human contact can result in FFT.
Describe the 4 sequential phases of infant attachment according to Bowlby.
Birth-6/8 weeks = Preattachment
6/8 weeks-6/8 months = Attachment in the making,
6/8 months-18 months =True (clear cut) attachment,
18 months = reciprocal attachment
Describe the preattachment phase.
Birth-6/8 wks; does not discriminate one person from another but can discriminate the mother’s voice; by end of this stage, attachment is developed.
Describe the attachment in the making phase.
6/8 weeks - 6/8 mo; selective social smiling, recognition of familiar faces, smiling less at unfamiliar faces-easily consoled by primary caregiver, gradually identifying the primary caregiver as the person they can depend on when depressed or anxious. .
Describe the true attachment phase.
6/8months-18 mo: can extend arm to mom, use motor skills to approach, cling to attachment objects, parent is safe bas from which to explore; Stranger anxiety happens during this stage
Describe stranger anxiety.
Takes place during true attachment; peaks at 8 or 9 months; those that do best - many siblings, frequent exposure to strangers, mother leaves naturally vs. lingering, moderate level of separation, transitional objects may help
Describe reciprocal (goal-corrected) attachment.
18 months on (notions of self develop by 18 months, refers to self by name, by 24 months recognizes adult standards- the viewpoints of others- they can initiate interaction and negotiate (manipulate); recognition of cause and effect (I do this, mom comes running)
What psychologist performed the “Stranger Situation” experiment?
Mary Ainsworth
What are the two major types of infant attachment according to Ainsworth?
Securely Attachment (60-65%) Insecurely (anxiously) attachment
What are the 3 types of insecure attachment?
Avoidant (rarely cried when mom left; 20%), Ambivalent (very upset when mom left, angry when she returns, might push her away; 10-15%), Disorganized (confused when mother leaves, lack of understanding on what’s happening; 5-10%)
Describe issues around father’s role during this stage.
Father’s interaction with baby is mostly form of playing rather than caregiving; provide physical, playful stimulation and initiate unpredictable games; mothers are preferred to console, father preferred for playtime; fathers spend average of 32 minutes per day in caregiving vs mothers 70 minutes per day.
Describe issues around day care.
1 out of 2 North American preschool children are in daycare; infant care is the fastest growing type; high quality infant day care doesn’t seem to disrupt parent-infant bond and has no consistent negative effects.
