Middle Childhood Flashcards
Rough-And-Tumble Play
vigorous play involving wrestling, hitting, and chasing, often accompanied by laughing and screaming
Body Image
descriptive and evaluative beliefs about one’s appearance
Acute Medical Conditions
occasional medical illnesses that last a short time
Chronic Medical Conditions
long-lasting or recurrent physical, developmental, behavioral, and/or emotional conditions that require special health services
Asthma
a chronic respiratory disease characterized by sudden attacks of coughing, wheezing, and difficulty in breathing
Diabetes
one of the most common diseases of childhood. It is characterized by high levels of glucose in the blood as a result of defective insulin production, ineffective insulin action, or both
Hypertension
high blood pressure
Stuttering
involuntary, frequent repetition or prolongation of sounds or syllables
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
pattern of behavior, persisting into middle childhood, marked by negativity, hostility, and defiance
Conduct Disorder
repetitive, persistent pattern of aggressive, antisocial behavior violating societal norms or the rights of others
School Therapy
unrealistic fear of going to school
Separation Anxiety Disorder
condition involving excessive, pro-longed anxiety concerning separation from home or from people to whom a person is attached
Social Phobia
extreme fear and/or avoidance of social situations
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
anxiety not focused on any single target
OCD
anxiety aroused by repetitive, intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses, often leading to compulsive ritual behaviors
Childhood Depression
mood disorder characterized by such symptoms as a prolonged sense of friendlessness, inability to have fun or concentrate, fatigue, extreme activity or apathy, feelings of worthlessness, weight change, physical complaints, and thoughts of death or suicide
Individual Psychotherapy
psychological treatment in which a therapist sees a troubled person one-on-one
Family Therapy
psychological treatment in which a therapist sees the whole family together to analyze patterns of family functioning
Behavior Therapy
therapy that uses principles of learning theory to eliminate undesirable behaviors
Art Therapy
therapeutic approach that allows a person to express troubled feelings without words, using a variety of art materials and media
Play Therapy
therapeutic approach that uses play to help a child cope with emotional distress
Drug Therapy
administration of drugs to treat emotional disorders
Concrete Operations
the third stage of Piagetian cognitive development (age 7 to 12) during which children develop logical but not abstract thinking
Seriation
ability to order items along a dimension
Transitive Inference
Understanding the relationship between two objects by knowing the relationship of each to a third object
Class Inclusion
understanding the relationship between a whole and its part
Inductive Reasoning
type of logical reasoning that moves from particular observations about members of a class to general conclusion about that class
Deductive Reasoning
type of logical reasoning that moves from a general premise about a class to a conclusion about a particular member or members of the class
Horizontal Decalage
Piaget’s term for an ability to transfer learning about one type of conservation to other types, which causes a child to master different types of conservation tasks at different ages
Metamemory
understanding of process of memory
Mnemonic Device
strategy to aid memory
External Memory Aids
mnemonic strategies using something outside the person
Rehersal
mnemonic strategy to keep an item in working memory through conscious repetition
Organization
mnemonic strategy of categorizing material to be remembered
Elaboration
mnemonic strategy of making mental associations involving items to be remembered
Otis-Lennon School Ability Test
group intelligence test for kindergarten through 12th grade
Culture-Free Test
an intelligence test that, if it were possible to design, would have no culturally linked content
Culture-Fair Test
an intelligence test that deals with experiences common to various cultures, in an attempt to avoid cultural bias
Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Gardner’s theory that there are eight distinct forms of intelligence
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
Sternberg’s theory describing three types of intelligence: componential, experiential, and contextual
Componential Element
Sternberg’s term for the analytic aspect of intelligence
Experiential Element
Sternberg’s term for the insightful aspect of intelligence
Contextual Element
Sternberg’s term for the practical aspect of intelligence
Tacit Knowledge
Sternberg’s term for information that is not formally taught or openly expressed but is necessary to get ahead
Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children
nontraditional individual intelligence test designed to provide fair assessments of minority children and children with disabilities
Dynamic Tests
test based on Vygotsky’s theory that emphasize potential rather than past learning
English-Immersion Approach
approach to teaching English as a second language in which instruction is presented only in English
Bilingual Education
system of teaching non-English-speaking children in their native language while they learn English and later switching to all-English-instruction
Bilingual
fluent in two languages
Two-Way (Dual-Language) Learning
approach to second-language education in which English speakers and non-English speakers learn together in their own and each other’s languages
Decoding
process of phonetic analysis by which a printed word is converted to spoken form before retrieval from long-term memory
Phonetic Approach
approach to teaching reading that emphasizes decoding unfamiliar words
Whole-Language Approach
approach to teaching reading that emphasizes visual retrieval and use of contextual clues
Visually Based Retrieval
process of retrieving the sound of a printed word on seeing the word as a whole
Metacognition
thinking about thinking, or awareness of one’s own mental processes
Social Capital
family and community resources on which a person or family can draw
Social Promotion
policy of automatically promoting children even if they do not meet academic standards
Intellectual Disability
significantly subnormal cognitive functioning
Dyslexia
developmental disorder in which reading achievement is substantially lower than predicted by IQ or age
Learning Disabilities
disorders that interfere with specific aspects of learning and school achievement
ADHD
syndrome characterized by persistent inattention and distractibility, impulsivity, low tolerance for frustration, and inappropriate overactivity
Convergent Thinking
thinking aimed at finding the one right answer to a problem
Divergent Thinking
thinking that produces a variety of fresh, diverse possibilities
Enrichment
approach to educating the gifted that broadens and deepens knowledge and skills through extra activities, projects, field trips, or mentoring
Acceleration
approach to educating the gifted that moves them through the curriculum at an unusually rapid pace
Representational Systems
broad, inclusive self-concepts that integrate various aspects of the self
Industry Versus Inferiority
Erikson’s fourth stage of psychosocial development, in which children must learn the productive skills their culture requires or else face feelings of inferiority
Internalizing Behaviors
behaviors by which emotional problems are turned inward
Externalizing Behaviors
behaviors by which a child acts out emotional difficulties
Coregulation
transitional stage in the control behavior in which parents exercise general supervision and children exercise moment-to-moment self-regulation
Prejudice
unfavorable attitude toward members of certain groups outside one’s own
Hostile Aggression
aggressive behavior intended to hurt another person
Hostile Attribution Bias
tendency for individuals to perceive others as trying to hurt them and to strike out in retaliation or self-defense
Bullying
aggression deliberately and persistently directed against a particular target or victim
Resilient Children
children who weather adverse circumstances, function well despite challenges or threats, or bounce back from traumatic events
Protective Factors
influences that reduce the impact of early stress and tend to predict positive outcomes
