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Psychology 221 (Child Development) > Middle Childhood > Flashcards

Middle Childhood Flashcards

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1
Q

Rough-And-Tumble Play

A

vigorous play involving wrestling, hitting, and chasing, often accompanied by laughing and screaming

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2
Q

Body Image

A

descriptive and evaluative beliefs about one’s appearance

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3
Q

Acute Medical Conditions

A

occasional medical illnesses that last a short time

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4
Q

Chronic Medical Conditions

A

long-lasting or recurrent physical, developmental, behavioral, and/or emotional conditions that require special health services

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5
Q

Asthma

A

a chronic respiratory disease characterized by sudden attacks of coughing, wheezing, and difficulty in breathing

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6
Q

Diabetes

A

one of the most common diseases of childhood. It is characterized by high levels of glucose in the blood as a result of defective insulin production, ineffective insulin action, or both

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7
Q

Hypertension

A

high blood pressure

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8
Q

Stuttering

A

involuntary, frequent repetition or prolongation of sounds or syllables

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9
Q

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

A

pattern of behavior, persisting into middle childhood, marked by negativity, hostility, and defiance

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10
Q

Conduct Disorder

A

repetitive, persistent pattern of aggressive, antisocial behavior violating societal norms or the rights of others

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11
Q

School Therapy

A

unrealistic fear of going to school

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12
Q

Separation Anxiety Disorder

A

condition involving excessive, pro-longed anxiety concerning separation from home or from people to whom a person is attached

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13
Q

Social Phobia

A

extreme fear and/or avoidance of social situations

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14
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

anxiety not focused on any single target

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15
Q

OCD

A

anxiety aroused by repetitive, intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses, often leading to compulsive ritual behaviors

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16
Q

Childhood Depression

A

mood disorder characterized by such symptoms as a prolonged sense of friendlessness, inability to have fun or concentrate, fatigue, extreme activity or apathy, feelings of worthlessness, weight change, physical complaints, and thoughts of death or suicide

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17
Q

Individual Psychotherapy

A

psychological treatment in which a therapist sees a troubled person one-on-one

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18
Q

Family Therapy

A

psychological treatment in which a therapist sees the whole family together to analyze patterns of family functioning

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19
Q

Behavior Therapy

A

therapy that uses principles of learning theory to eliminate undesirable behaviors

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20
Q

Art Therapy

A

therapeutic approach that allows a person to express troubled feelings without words, using a variety of art materials and media

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21
Q

Play Therapy

A

therapeutic approach that uses play to help a child cope with emotional distress

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22
Q

Drug Therapy

A

administration of drugs to treat emotional disorders

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23
Q

Concrete Operations

A

the third stage of Piagetian cognitive development (age 7 to 12) during which children develop logical but not abstract thinking

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24
Q

Seriation

A

ability to order items along a dimension

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25
Q

Transitive Inference

A

Understanding the relationship between two objects by knowing the relationship of each to a third object

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26
Q

Class Inclusion

A

understanding the relationship between a whole and its part

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27
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

type of logical reasoning that moves from particular observations about members of a class to general conclusion about that class

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28
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

type of logical reasoning that moves from a general premise about a class to a conclusion about a particular member or members of the class

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29
Q

Horizontal Decalage

A

Piaget’s term for an ability to transfer learning about one type of conservation to other types, which causes a child to master different types of conservation tasks at different ages

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30
Q

Metamemory

A

understanding of process of memory

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31
Q

Mnemonic Device

A

strategy to aid memory

32
Q

External Memory Aids

A

mnemonic strategies using something outside the person

33
Q

Rehersal

A

mnemonic strategy to keep an item in working memory through conscious repetition

34
Q

Organization

A

mnemonic strategy of categorizing material to be remembered

35
Q

Elaboration

A

mnemonic strategy of making mental associations involving items to be remembered

36
Q

Otis-Lennon School Ability Test

A

group intelligence test for kindergarten through 12th grade

37
Q

Culture-Free Test

A

an intelligence test that, if it were possible to design, would have no culturally linked content

38
Q

Culture-Fair Test

A

an intelligence test that deals with experiences common to various cultures, in an attempt to avoid cultural bias

39
Q

Theory of Multiple Intelligences

A

Gardner’s theory that there are eight distinct forms of intelligence

40
Q

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

A

Sternberg’s theory describing three types of intelligence: componential, experiential, and contextual

41
Q

Componential Element

A

Sternberg’s term for the analytic aspect of intelligence

42
Q

Experiential Element

A

Sternberg’s term for the insightful aspect of intelligence

43
Q

Contextual Element

A

Sternberg’s term for the practical aspect of intelligence

44
Q

Tacit Knowledge

A

Sternberg’s term for information that is not formally taught or openly expressed but is necessary to get ahead

45
Q

Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children

A

nontraditional individual intelligence test designed to provide fair assessments of minority children and children with disabilities

46
Q

Dynamic Tests

A

test based on Vygotsky’s theory that emphasize potential rather than past learning

47
Q

English-Immersion Approach

A

approach to teaching English as a second language in which instruction is presented only in English

48
Q

Bilingual Education

A

system of teaching non-English-speaking children in their native language while they learn English and later switching to all-English-instruction

49
Q

Bilingual

A

fluent in two languages

50
Q

Two-Way (Dual-Language) Learning

A

approach to second-language education in which English speakers and non-English speakers learn together in their own and each other’s languages

51
Q

Decoding

A

process of phonetic analysis by which a printed word is converted to spoken form before retrieval from long-term memory

52
Q

Phonetic Approach

A

approach to teaching reading that emphasizes decoding unfamiliar words

53
Q

Whole-Language Approach

A

approach to teaching reading that emphasizes visual retrieval and use of contextual clues

54
Q

Visually Based Retrieval

A

process of retrieving the sound of a printed word on seeing the word as a whole

55
Q

Metacognition

A

thinking about thinking, or awareness of one’s own mental processes

56
Q

Social Capital

A

family and community resources on which a person or family can draw

57
Q

Social Promotion

A

policy of automatically promoting children even if they do not meet academic standards

58
Q

Intellectual Disability

A

significantly subnormal cognitive functioning

59
Q

Dyslexia

A

developmental disorder in which reading achievement is substantially lower than predicted by IQ or age

60
Q

Learning Disabilities

A

disorders that interfere with specific aspects of learning and school achievement

61
Q

ADHD

A

syndrome characterized by persistent inattention and distractibility, impulsivity, low tolerance for frustration, and inappropriate overactivity

62
Q

Convergent Thinking

A

thinking aimed at finding the one right answer to a problem

63
Q

Divergent Thinking

A

thinking that produces a variety of fresh, diverse possibilities

64
Q

Enrichment

A

approach to educating the gifted that broadens and deepens knowledge and skills through extra activities, projects, field trips, or mentoring

65
Q

Acceleration

A

approach to educating the gifted that moves them through the curriculum at an unusually rapid pace

66
Q

Representational Systems

A

broad, inclusive self-concepts that integrate various aspects of the self

67
Q

Industry Versus Inferiority

A

Erikson’s fourth stage of psychosocial development, in which children must learn the productive skills their culture requires or else face feelings of inferiority

68
Q

Internalizing Behaviors

A

behaviors by which emotional problems are turned inward

69
Q

Externalizing Behaviors

A

behaviors by which a child acts out emotional difficulties

70
Q

Coregulation

A

transitional stage in the control behavior in which parents exercise general supervision and children exercise moment-to-moment self-regulation

71
Q

Prejudice

A

unfavorable attitude toward members of certain groups outside one’s own

72
Q

Hostile Aggression

A

aggressive behavior intended to hurt another person

73
Q

Hostile Attribution Bias

A

tendency for individuals to perceive others as trying to hurt them and to strike out in retaliation or self-defense

74
Q

Bullying

A

aggression deliberately and persistently directed against a particular target or victim

75
Q

Resilient Children

A

children who weather adverse circumstances, function well despite challenges or threats, or bounce back from traumatic events

76
Q

Protective Factors

A

influences that reduce the impact of early stress and tend to predict positive outcomes

Psychology 221 (Child Development) (4 decks)

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