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Psychology 221 (Child Development) > First Three Years > Flashcards

First Three Years Flashcards

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1
Q

Central Nervous System

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Lateralization

A

tendency of each of the brain’s hemispheres to have specialized functions

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3
Q

Neurons

A

nerve cells

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4
Q

Integration

A

process by which neurons coordinate the activities of muscle groups

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5
Q

Differentiation

A

process by which cells acquire specialized structure and function

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6
Q

Cell Death

A

in brain development, normal elimination of excess cells to achieve more efficient functioning

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7
Q

Myelination

A

process of coating neurons with myelin, a fatty substance that enables faster communication between cells

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8
Q

Reflex Behavior

A

automatic, involuntary, innate response to stimulation

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9
Q

Systems of Action

A

increasingly complex combinations of motor skills that permit a wider or more precise range of movement and more control of the environment

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10
Q

Denver Developmental Screening Test

A

screening test given to children age 1 month to 6 years to determine whether they are developing normally

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11
Q

Gross Motor Skills

A

physical skills that involve the large muscles

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12
Q

Fine Motor Skills

A

physical skills that involve the small muscles and eye-hand coordination

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13
Q

Visual Gudiance

A

use of the eyes to guide movements of the hands or other parts of the body

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14
Q

Depth Perception

A

ability to perceive objects and surfaces in three dimensions

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15
Q

Haptic Perception

A

ability to acquire information about properties of objects, such as size, weight, and texture, by handling them

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16
Q

Visual Cliff

A

apparatus designed to give an allusion of depth and used to assess depth perception of infants

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17
Q

Ecological Theory of Perception

A

theory developed by Elanor and James Gibson that describes developing motor and perceptual as interdependent parts of a functional system that guides behavior in varying context

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18
Q

Dynamic Systems Theory

A

Thelen’s theory that holds that motor development is a dynamic process of active coordination of multiple systems within the infant in relation to the environment

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19
Q

Infant Mortality Rate

A

proportion of babies born alive who die within the 1st year

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20
Q

SIDS

A

sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant

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21
Q

Nonorganic Failure to Thrive

A

in infancy, a lack of appropriate growth for no known medical cause, accompanied by poor developmental and emotional functioning

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22
Q

Shaken Baby Syndrome

A

form of maltreatment in which shaking an infant or toddler can cause brain damage, paralysis, or death

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23
Q

Behaviorist Approach

A

approach to the study of cognitive development that is concerned with the basic mechanics of learning

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24
Q

Psychometric Approach

A

approach to the study of cognitive development that seeks to measure the quantity of intelligence a person possesses

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25
Q

Piagetian Approach

A

approach to the study of cognitive development that describes qualitative stages in cognitive functioning

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26
Q

Information-Processing Approach

A

approach to the study of cognitive development by observing and analyzing processes involved in perceiving and handling information

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27
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience Approach

A

approach to the study of cognitive development that links brain processes with cognitive ones

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28
Q

Social-Contextual Approach

A

approach to the study of cognitive development that focuses on environmental influences, particularly parents and other caregivers

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29
Q

Intelligent Behavior

A

behavior that is goal oriented and adaptive to circumstances and conditions of life

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30
Q

IQ Tests

A

psychometric tests that seek to measure intelligence by comparing a test-taker’s performance with standardized norms

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31
Q

Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddle Development

A

standardized test of infant’s and toddler’s mental and motor development

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32
Q

Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment

A

instrument designed to measure the influence of the home environment on children’s cognitive growth

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33
Q

Early Intervention

A

systematic process of providing services to help families meet young children’s developmental needs

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34
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

in Piaget’s Theory, first stage in cognitive development, during which infants learn through senses and motor activity

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35
Q

Circular Reactions

A

Piaget’s term for processes by which an infant learns to reproduce desired occurrences originally discovered by accident

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36
Q

Representational Ability

A

Piaget’s term for capacity to store mental images or symbols of objects and events

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37
Q

Visible Imitation

A

imitation with parts of one’s body that one can see

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38
Q

Invisible Imitation

A

imitation with parts of one’s body that one cannot see

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39
Q

Deferred Imitation

A

Piaget’s term for reproduction of an observed behavior after the passage of time by calling up a stored symbol of it

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40
Q

Elicited Imitation

A

research method in which infants or toddlers are induced to imitate a specific series of actions they have seen but not necessarily done before

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41
Q

Object Permanence

A

Piaget’s term for the understanding that a person or object still exists when out of sight

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42
Q

A-Not-B Error

A

tendency for 8 to 12-month-old infants to search for a hidden object in a place where they previously found it rather than in the place where they most recently saw it being hidden

43
Q

Dual Representation Hypothesis

A

proposal that children under age 3 have difficulty grasping spatial relationships because of the need to keep more than one mental representation in mind at the same time

44
Q

Habituation

A

type of learning in which familiarity with a stimulus reduces, slows, or stops a response

45
Q

Dishabituation

A

increase in responsiveness after presentation of a new stimulus

46
Q

Visual Preference

A

tendency of infants to spend more time looking at one sight than another

47
Q

Visual Recognition Memory

A

ability to distinguish a familiar visual stimulus from an unfamiliar stimulus when shown both at the same time

48
Q

Cross-Modal Transfer

A

ability to use information gained by one sense to guide another

49
Q

Violation-of-Expectations

A

research method in which dishabituation to a stimulus that conflicts with experience is taken as evidence that an infant recognizes the new stimulus as surprising

50
Q

Implicit Memory

A

unconscious recall, generally of habits and skills

51
Q

Explicit Memory

A

intentional and conscious memory, generally of facts, names, and events

52
Q

Working Memory

A

short-term storage of information being actively processed

53
Q

Guided Participation

A

participation of an adult in a child’s activity in a manner that helps to structure the activity and to bring the child;s understanding of it closer to that of the adult

54
Q

Language

A

communication system based on words and grammar

55
Q

Prelinguistic Speech

A

forerunner of linguistic speech; utterance of sounds that are not words. Includes crying, cooing, babbling, and accidental and deliberate imitation of sounds without understanding their meaning

56
Q

Linguistic Speech

A

verbal expression designed to convey meaning

57
Q

Holophrase

A

single word that conveys a complete thought

58
Q

Telegraphic Speech

A

early form of sentence use consisting of only a few essential words

59
Q

Syntax

A

rules for forming sentences in a particular language

60
Q

Nativism

A

theory that human beings have an inborn capacity for language acquisition

61
Q

Language Acquisition Device

A

in Chomsky’s terminology, an inborn mechanism that enables children infer linguistic rules from the language they hear

62
Q

Code Mixing

A

use of elements of two languages, sometimes in the same utterance, by young children in households where both languages are spoken

63
Q

Code Switching

A

changing one’s speech to match the situation, as in people who are bilingual

64
Q

Child-Directed Speech

A

form of speech often used in talking to babies or toddlers; includes slow, simplified speech, a high-pitched tone, exaggerated vowel sounds, short words and sentences, and much repetition

65
Q

Literacy

A

ability to read and write

66
Q

Personality

A

the relatively consistent blend of emotions, temperament, thought, and behavior that makes each person unique

67
Q

Emotions

A

subjective reactions to experiences that are associated with physiological and behavioral changes

68
Q

Self-Conscious Emotions

A

emotions such as embarrassment, empathy, and envy that depend on self-awareness

69
Q

Self-Awareness

A

realization that one’s existence and functioning are separate from those of other people and things

70
Q

Self-Evaluative Emotions

A

emotions such as pride, shame, and guilt, that depend on both self-awareness and knowledge of socially accepted standards of behavior

71
Q

Altruistic Behavior

A

activity intended to help another person with no expectation of reward

72
Q

Empathy

A

ability to put oneself in another person’s place and feel what the other person feels

73
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

neurons that fire when a person does something or observes someone else doing the same thing

74
Q

Social Cognition

A

ability to understand that other people have mental states and to gauge their feelings and intentions

75
Q

Egocentrism

A

Piaget’s term for inability to consider another person’s point of view; a characteristic of young children’s thought

76
Q

Shared Intentionality

A

joint attention to a mutual goal

77
Q

Easy Children

A

children with a generally happy temperament, regular biological rhythms, and a readiness to accept new experiences

78
Q

Difficult Children

A

children with irritable temperament irregular biological rhythms, and intense emotional responses

79
Q

Slow-to-Warm-Up Children

A

children whose temperament generally mild but who are hesitant about accepting new experiences

80
Q

Goodness of Fit

A

appropriateness of environmental demands and constraints to a child’s temperament

81
Q

Basic Sense of Trust Versus Mistrust

A

Erikson’s first stage in psychosocial development, in which infants develop a sense of the reliability of people and objects

82
Q

Attachment

A

reciprocal, enduring, tie between two people- especially between infant and caregiver - each of whom contributes the quality of the relationship

83
Q

Strange Situation

A

laboratory technique used to study infant attachment

84
Q

Secure Attachment

A

pattern in which an infant is quickly and effectively able to find comfort from a caregiver when faced with a stressful situation

85
Q

Avoidant Attachment

A

pattern in which an infant rarely cries when separated from the primary caregiver and avoids contact on his or her return

86
Q

Ambivalent Attachment

A

pattern in which an infant becomes anxious before the primary caregiver leaves, is extremely upset during his or her absence, and both seeks and resists contact on his or her return

87
Q

Disorganize-Disoriented Attachment

A

pattern in which an infant, after separation from the primary caregiver, shows contradictory behaviors on his or her return

88
Q

Stranger Anxiety

A

wariness of strange people and places, shown by some infants from age 6 to 12 months

89
Q

Separation Anxiety

A

distress shown by someone, typically an infant, when a familiar caregiver leaves

90
Q

Mutual Regulation

A

process by which infant and caregiver communicate emotional states to each other and respond appropriately

91
Q

Still-Face Paradigm

A

research procedure used to measure mutual regulation in infants 2 to 9 months old

92
Q

Social Referencing

A

understanding an ambiguous situation by seeking out another person’s perception of it

93
Q

Self-Concept

A

sense of self; descriptive and evaluative mental picture of one’s abilities and traits

94
Q

Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt

A

Erikson’s second stage in psychosocial development, in which children achieve a balance between self-determination and control by others

95
Q

Socialization

A

development of habits skills, values, and motives shared by responsible, productive members of society

96
Q

Internalization

A

during socialization, process by which children accept societal standards of conduct as their own

97
Q

Self-Regulation

A

a person’s independent control of behavior to conform to understood social expectations

98
Q

Conscience

A

internal standards of behavior, which usually control one’s conduct and produce emotional discomfort when violated

99
Q

Situational Compliance

A

Kochanska’s term for obedience of a parent’s orders only in the presence of signs of ongoing parental control

100
Q

Committed Compliance

A

Kochanska’s term for wholehearted obedience of a parent’s orders without reminders or lapses

101
Q

Receptive Compliance

A

Kochanska’s term for eager and willingness to cooperate harmoniously with a parent in daily interactions, including routines, chores, hygiene, and play

102
Q

Gender

A

significance of being male or female

103
Q

Gender-Typing

A

Socialization process by which children, at an early age, learn appropriate gender roles

Psychology 221 (Child Development) (4 decks)

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