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Psychology 221 (Child Development) > Early Childhood > Flashcards

Early Childhood Flashcards

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1
Q

Enuresis

A

repeated urination in clothing or in bed

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2
Q

Handedness

A

preference for using a particular hand

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3
Q

Preoperational Stage

A

in Piaget’s theory, the second major stage of cognitive development, in which children become more sophisticated in their use of symbolic thought but are not yet able to use logic

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4
Q

Symbolic Function

A

Piaget’s term for ability to use mental representations (words,numbers, or images) to which a child has attached meaning

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5
Q

Pretend Play

A

play involving imaginary people or situations (fantasy play, dramatic play, or imaginary play)

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6
Q

Transduction

A

in Piaget’s terminology, preoperational child’s tendency to mentally link particular experiences, whether or not there is logically a causal relationship

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7
Q

Animism

A

tendency to attribute life to objects that are not alive

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8
Q

Centration

A

in Piaget’s theory, tendency of preoperational children to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others

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9
Q

Decenter

A

in Piaget’s terminology, to think simultaneously about several aspects of a situation

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10
Q

Conservation

A

Piaget’s term for awareness that two objects that are equal according to a certain measure remain equal in the face of perceptual alteration so long as nothing has been added to or taken away from either object

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11
Q

Irreversibility

A

Piaget’s term for a preoperational child’s failure to understand that an operation can go in two or more directions

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12
Q

Theory Of Mind

A

awareness and understanding of mental process

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13
Q

Encoding

A

process by which information is prepared for long-term storage and later retrieval

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14
Q

Storage

A

retention of information in memory for future use

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15
Q

Retrieval

A

process by which information is accessed or recalled from memory storage

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16
Q

Sensory Memory

A

initial, brief, temporary storage of sensory information

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17
Q

Executive Function

A

conscious control of thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish goals or solve

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18
Q

Long-Term Memory

A

storage of virtually unlimited capacity that holds information for long periods

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19
Q

Central Executive

A

in Baddeley’s model, element of working memory that controls the processing of information

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20
Q

Recognition

A

ability to identify a previously encountered stimulus

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21
Q

Recall

A

ability to reproduce material from memory

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22
Q

Generic Memory

A

memory that produces scripts of familiar routines to guide behavior

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23
Q

Script

A

general remembered outline of a familiar, repeated event, used to guide behavior

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24
Q

Episodic Memory

A

long-term memory of specific experiences or events, linked to time and place

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25
Q

Autobiographical Memory

A

a type of episodic memory of distinctive experiences that form a person’s life history

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26
Q

Social Interaction Model

A

model, based on Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, that proposes that children construct autobiographical memories through conservation with adults shared events

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27
Q

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

A

individual intelligence test for ages 2 and up, used to measure knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory

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28
Q

Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Revised (WPPSI-III)

A

individual intelligence test for children ages 2 and a half to seven that yields verbal and performance scores as well as a combined score

29
Q

Fast Mapping

A

Process by which a child absorbs the meaning of a new word after hearing it once or twice in conversation

30
Q

Pragmatics

A

practical knowledge needed to use language for communicative purposes

31
Q

Social Speech

A

speech intended to be understood by a listener

32
Q

Private Speech

A

talking aloud to oneself with no intent to communicate with others

33
Q

Emergent Literacy

A

preschooler’s development of skills, knowledge, and attitudes that underlie reading and writing

34
Q

Universal Preschool

A

a national system for early care and education that makes access to preschool similar to kindergarten by using the public schools

35
Q

Self-Definition

A

cluster of characteristics used to describe oneself

36
Q

Single Representations

A

in neo-Piagetian terminology, first stage in development of self-definition in which children describe themselves in terms of individual, unconnected characteristics and in all-or-nothing terms

37
Q

Real Self

A

self one actually is

38
Q

Ideal Self

A

self one would like to be

39
Q

Representational Mappings

A

in neo-Piagetian terminology, second stage in development of self-definition, in which a child makes logical connections between aspects of the self but still sees these characteristics in all-or-nothing terms

40
Q

Self-Esteem

A

judgement a person makes about his or her self-worth

41
Q

Initiative Versus Gift

A

Erikson’s third stage in psychosocial development, in which children balance the urge pursue goals with moral reservations that may prevent carrying them out

42
Q

Gender Identity

A

awareness, developed in early childhood, that one is male or female

43
Q

Gender Roles

A

behaviors, interests, attitudes, skills, and traits that a culture considers appropriate for each sex

44
Q

Gender Stereotypes

A

preconceived generalizations about male or female role behavior

45
Q

Theory of Sexual Selection

A

Darwinian theory, which holds that selection of sexual partners is influenced by the differing reproductive pressures that early men and women confronted in the struggle for the survival of the species

46
Q

Identification

A

in Freudian theory, process by which a young child adopts characteristics, beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors of the parent of the same sex

47
Q

Gender Constancy

A

awareness that one will always be male or female (sex-category constancy)

48
Q

Gender-Schema Theory

A

theory that children socialize themselves in their gender roles by developing a mentally organized network of information about what it means to be male or female in a particular culture

49
Q

Social Cognitive Theory

A

Albert Bandura’s expansion of social learning theory; holds that children learn gender roles through socialization

50
Q

Functional Play

A

lowest cognitive level of play, involving repetitive muscular movements

51
Q

Constructive Play

A

second cognitive level of play, involving use of objects or materials to make something

52
Q

Dramatic Play

A

play involving imaginary people or situations

53
Q

Formal Games With Rules

A

organized games with known procedures and penalties

54
Q

Gender Segregation

A

tendency to select playmates of one’s own gender

55
Q

Discpline

A

methods of molding children’s character and of teaching them to exercise self-control and engage in acceptable behavior

56
Q

Psychological Aggression

A

verbal attack that may result in psychological harm

57
Q

Corporal Punishment

A

use of physical force with the intention of causing pain but not injury so as to correct or control behavior

58
Q

Inductive Techniques

A

disciplinary techniques designed to induce desirable behavior by appealing to a child’s sense of reason and fairness

59
Q

Power Assertion

A

disciplinary strategy designed to discourage undesirable behavior through physical or verbal enforcement of parental control

60
Q

Withdrawal of Love

A

disciplinary strategy that involves ignoring, isolating,or showing dislike for a child

61
Q

Authoritarian Parenting

A

parenting style emphasizing control and obedience

62
Q

Permissive Parenting

A

parenting style emphasizing self-expression and self-regulation

63
Q

Authoritative Parenting

A

parenting style blending warmth and respect for a child’s individuality with an effort to instill social values

64
Q

Altruism

A

motivation to help others without expectation of reward

65
Q

Prosocial Behavior

A

any voluntary behavior intended to help others

66
Q

Instrumental Aggression

A

aggressive behavior used as a means of achieving a goal

67
Q

Overt (Direct) Aggression

A

aggression that is openly directed at its target

68
Q

Relational (Indirect or Social) Aggression

A

aggression aimed at damaging or interfering with another person’s relationships, reputation, or psychological well-being

Psychology 221 (Child Development) (4 decks)

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