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Psychology 221 (Child Development) > Early Childhood > Flashcards

Early Childhood Flashcards

1
Q

Enuresis

A

repeated urination in clothing or in bed

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2
Q

Handedness

A

preference for using a particular hand

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3
Q

Preoperational Stage

A

in Piaget’s theory, the second major stage of cognitive development, in which children become more sophisticated in their use of symbolic thought but are not yet able to use logic

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4
Q

Symbolic Function

A

Piaget’s term for ability to use mental representations (words,numbers, or images) to which a child has attached meaning

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5
Q

Pretend Play

A

play involving imaginary people or situations (fantasy play, dramatic play, or imaginary play)

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6
Q

Transduction

A

in Piaget’s terminology, preoperational child’s tendency to mentally link particular experiences, whether or not there is logically a causal relationship

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7
Q

Animism

A

tendency to attribute life to objects that are not alive

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8
Q

Centration

A

in Piaget’s theory, tendency of preoperational children to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others

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9
Q

Decenter

A

in Piaget’s terminology, to think simultaneously about several aspects of a situation

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10
Q

Conservation

A

Piaget’s term for awareness that two objects that are equal according to a certain measure remain equal in the face of perceptual alteration so long as nothing has been added to or taken away from either object

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11
Q

Irreversibility

A

Piaget’s term for a preoperational child’s failure to understand that an operation can go in two or more directions

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12
Q

Theory Of Mind

A

awareness and understanding of mental process

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13
Q

Encoding

A

process by which information is prepared for long-term storage and later retrieval

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14
Q

Storage

A

retention of information in memory for future use

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15
Q

Retrieval

A

process by which information is accessed or recalled from memory storage

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16
Q

Sensory Memory

A

initial, brief, temporary storage of sensory information

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17
Q

Executive Function

A

conscious control of thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish goals or solve

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18
Q

Long-Term Memory

A

storage of virtually unlimited capacity that holds information for long periods

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19
Q

Central Executive

A

in Baddeley’s model, element of working memory that controls the processing of information

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20
Q

Recognition

A

ability to identify a previously encountered stimulus

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21
Q

Recall

A

ability to reproduce material from memory

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22
Q

Generic Memory

A

memory that produces scripts of familiar routines to guide behavior

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23
Q

Script

A

general remembered outline of a familiar, repeated event, used to guide behavior

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24
Q

Episodic Memory

A

long-term memory of specific experiences or events, linked to time and place

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25
Autobiographical Memory
a type of episodic memory of distinctive experiences that form a person's life history
26
Social Interaction Model
model, based on Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, that proposes that children construct autobiographical memories through conservation with adults shared events
27
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
individual intelligence test for ages 2 and up, used to measure knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory
28
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Revised (WPPSI-III)
individual intelligence test for children ages 2 and a half to seven that yields verbal and performance scores as well as a combined score
29
Fast Mapping
Process by which a child absorbs the meaning of a new word after hearing it once or twice in conversation
30
Pragmatics
practical knowledge needed to use language for communicative purposes
31
Social Speech
speech intended to be understood by a listener
32
Private Speech
talking aloud to oneself with no intent to communicate with others
33
Emergent Literacy
preschooler's development of skills, knowledge, and attitudes that underlie reading and writing
34
Universal Preschool
a national system for early care and education that makes access to preschool similar to kindergarten by using the public schools
35
Self-Definition
cluster of characteristics used to describe oneself
36
Single Representations
in neo-Piagetian terminology, first stage in development of self-definition in which children describe themselves in terms of individual, unconnected characteristics and in all-or-nothing terms
37
Real Self
self one actually is
38
Ideal Self
self one would like to be
39
Representational Mappings
in neo-Piagetian terminology, second stage in development of self-definition, in which a child makes logical connections between aspects of the self but still sees these characteristics in all-or-nothing terms
40
Self-Esteem
judgement a person makes about his or her self-worth
41
Initiative Versus Gift
Erikson's third stage in psychosocial development, in which children balance the urge pursue goals with moral reservations that may prevent carrying them out
42
Gender Identity
awareness, developed in early childhood, that one is male or female
43
Gender Roles
behaviors, interests, attitudes, skills, and traits that a culture considers appropriate for each sex
44
Gender Stereotypes
preconceived generalizations about male or female role behavior
45
Theory of Sexual Selection
Darwinian theory, which holds that selection of sexual partners is influenced by the differing reproductive pressures that early men and women confronted in the struggle for the survival of the species
46
Identification
in Freudian theory, process by which a young child adopts characteristics, beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors of the parent of the same sex
47
Gender Constancy
awareness that one will always be male or female (sex-category constancy)
48
Gender-Schema Theory
theory that children socialize themselves in their gender roles by developing a mentally organized network of information about what it means to be male or female in a particular culture
49
Social Cognitive Theory
Albert Bandura's expansion of social learning theory; holds that children learn gender roles through socialization
50
Functional Play
lowest cognitive level of play, involving repetitive muscular movements
51
Constructive Play
second cognitive level of play, involving use of objects or materials to make something
52
Dramatic Play
play involving imaginary people or situations
53
Formal Games With Rules
organized games with known procedures and penalties
54
Gender Segregation
tendency to select playmates of one's own gender
55
Discpline
methods of molding children's character and of teaching them to exercise self-control and engage in acceptable behavior
56
Psychological Aggression
verbal attack that may result in psychological harm
57
Corporal Punishment
use of physical force with the intention of causing pain but not injury so as to correct or control behavior
58
Inductive Techniques
disciplinary techniques designed to induce desirable behavior by appealing to a child's sense of reason and fairness
59
Power Assertion
disciplinary strategy designed to discourage undesirable behavior through physical or verbal enforcement of parental control
60
Withdrawal of Love
disciplinary strategy that involves ignoring, isolating,or showing dislike for a child
61
Authoritarian Parenting
parenting style emphasizing control and obedience
62
Permissive Parenting
parenting style emphasizing self-expression and self-regulation
63
Authoritative Parenting
parenting style blending warmth and respect for a child's individuality with an effort to instill social values
64
Altruism
motivation to help others without expectation of reward
65
Prosocial Behavior
any voluntary behavior intended to help others
66
Instrumental Aggression
aggressive behavior used as a means of achieving a goal
67
Overt (Direct) Aggression
aggression that is openly directed at its target
68
Relational (Indirect or Social) Aggression
aggression aimed at damaging or interfering with another person's relationships, reputation, or psychological well-being

Psychology 221 (Child Development) (4 decks)

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