Middle Childhood

Question 1

Industry vs. Inferiority

Answer 1

6-11 years old

• Children develop sense of competence at useful skills and tasks
• Inferiority - pessimism of children who have little confidence in their ability to do things well
• Combines a positive but realistic self-concept, pride in accomplishment, moral responsibility, and cooperative participation with agemates

Question 2

Piaget

Answer 2

Concrete Operational Thought

a. 7-11 years
b. Thought is far more logical, flexible, and organized than it was earlier
c. Mental operations still work poorly with abstract ideas not present in real world-hypotheticals

Question 3

Children without friends

Answer 3

-15-20% of children are “friendless”
a. same/similar percentage are “chronically friendless”
-

Question 4

Negative effects of children without friends

Answer 4

a. loneliness
b. increased internalization of difficulties and peer victimization
c. predictor of later lack of self-worth

Question 5

What helps with children without friends?

Answer 5

A single mutual friendship can alleviate the negative effects of isolation and rejection by the majority of one’s peers

Question 6

Peer Groups

Answer 6

Offer a unique context for social and personal learning

a. how to engage in cooperative activity aimed at collective rather than individual goals
b. about social structures
c. skills associated with leading and following others
d. control of hostile impulses toward fellow members
e. mobilize aggression in service of group loyalty by directing it towards outsiders

Question 7

PEER ACCEPTANCE (Types of children)

Answer 7

Popular children:
Rejected children:
Controversial children:
Neglected children:

Question 8

Popular children

Answer 8

“characteristically dominant” but difficult to define

Question 9

Rejected children

Answer 9

Most common correlate is aggression (40-50% of rejected)

Question 10

Controversial children

Answer 10

Display a combination of positive and negative social behaviors

Question 11

Neglected children

Answer 11

Less interaction with peers, go unnoticed by peers

Question 12

Temperament and Peer Relationships

Answer 12

Three groups of traits associated with peer functioning

a. Resistance to control (manageability)
b. Negative affect (reactivity)
c. Shyness and inhibition

Question 13

Piaget’s stages in moral development

Answer 13

Stage 1 - Premoral Period
Stage 2 - Heteronomous Morality/Moral Realism
Stage 3 - Autonomous Morality/Moral Relativism

Question 14

Stage 1 (Piaget’s moral development)

Answer 14

Premoral Period

a. 0-5 years
b. Behavior regulated from the outside

Question 15

Stage 2 (Piaget’s moral development)

Answer 15

Heteronomous Morality/Moral Realism

a. 5-9 years
b. Rules are rigid and given by adults/God
c. Rules tell you what is right or wrong
d. Consequences dictate the severity of the behavior, not the intentions

Question 16

Stage 3 (Piaget’s moral development)

Answer 16

Autonomous Morality/ Moral Relativism

a. 10 years +
b. Emphasizes cooperation
c. Rules changeable under certain circumstances and with mutual consent

Question 17

Kohlberg’s stages of Moral Development

Answer 17

• Preconventional Level
• Conventional Level
• Postconventional or Principled Level

Question 18

Preconventional Level (Kohlberg’s stages of Moral Development)

Answer 18

Morality externally controlled

Question 19

Conventional Level (Kohlberg’s stages of Moral Development)

Answer 19

Conformity to social rules to maintain social system

Question 20

Post-conventional or Principled Level

Answer 20

Beyond unquestioning support, morality as abstract and applies to all situations

Question 21

Self-concept Development (Middle childhood)

Answer 21

Move from more general positive self-regard in preschool to a more balanced assessment of personal strengths and weaknesses across domains of competency

Question 22

Parental Goals (Middle childhood)

Answer 22

• Allow children to express emotions fully
• Make important norms salient
• Set appropriate limits when necessary
• Staying sensitive to changing needs
• Increase child involvement in family decisions (chores, responsibilities)

Question 23

Children of disengaged parents are more:

Answer 23

• Socially incompetent
• irresponsible
• immature
• Alienated from their family

Question 24

Middle Childhood Learning Strategies

Answer 24

Cognitive self-regulation still difficult

a. continuously monitoring progress toward a goal, checking outcomes, and redirecting unsuccessful efforts
- What is appropriate to expect?

Question 25

Students development is optimized when:

Answer 25

Students have a sense of belonging and emotional and cognitive support
- sense of belonging is even more important for students belonging to a minority group