Early Childhood Flashcards
Trust vs. Mistrust
Stage One
Birth- 1 year of age
- most fundamental stage of psychosocial development
- based on quality of caregivers
-success is based upon a feeling of safety and security
- failure is based upon inconsistent care and emotionally unavailable caregivers
- failure will result in a fear/belief that the world is unpredictable and inconsistent
Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt
Stage Two
Early Childhood
- Develop a greater sense of personal control
- control gained through making preferences in food, clothing, and toys
- success results in confidence and being secure with oneself
- failure results in inadequacy and self-doubt
Initiative vs. Guilt
Stage Three
Pre-school years
- asserting power through directing play and other social interactions
- success results in a sense of capability and an ability to lead others
- failure results in a sense of guilt, self-doubt, and lack of initiative
Self-concept
The set of attributes, abilities, attitudes, and values that an individual believes defines who he or she is
Self-knowledge r/t social comparison
As social comparison information is made salient, there is progressive decline in children’s judgment of their own competencies as they proceed through the primary grades
Baumrind’s Parenting Styles
Demandingness and responsiveness authoritative permissive authoritarian rejecting-neglecting
Childcare Factors in evaluation of early childhood programs
- Physical setting
- group size
- caregiver-child ratio
- daily activities
- interactions between adults and -children
- teacher qualifications
- relationships with parents
- licensing and accreditation
Piaget Pre-operational
- increase in representational activity (symbolic activity)
- Mental Representation
a. sensorimotor play establishes internal images of experiences, which are then labelled with words
b. drawing
c. house
d. euplocephalus family - Make-believe play
a. sociodramatic play contributes to cognitive and social skills
Theory of mind
by age 3 - deception
Social cognition is…
slightly influenced by practice of asking children to reflect on victim’s feelings
Sense of time
3-4 years old
a. first, then
b. now, later
c. past, now, in a minute, later
Chomsky
- language acquisition device (LAD)
- Linguistic nativism
- Child must be born with an innate ability to learn language
Supporting language development
recasts - repeating inaccurate speech in correct form
Expansions - elaborating on children’s speech, increasing its complexity
Pragmatics
- social rules and conventions of communication
- 2-year-olds can have effective conversations
- By age 4, adjust to fit age, sex, social status of listener
- Difficult situations
a. telephone
Child maltreatment interviews
a. Rapport
b. encouragement to correct the interviewer
c. opportunity to practice narrative descriptions
d. Open-ended questions, focused by not suggestive (free recall likely to be most accurate)
