Early Adulthood

Question 1

Levinson

Answer 1

individuals in early adulthood construct of a dream-image of themselves in adult world that guides their decision-making

Question 2

Cognitive Changes

Answer 2

executive functioning completes

Question 3

Perry’s Epistemic Cognition

Answer 3

• Dualistic thinking

- Relativistic thinking

Question 4

Dualistic thinking

Answer 4

• Dividing information, values, authority into right and wrong, good and bad, we and they

Question 5

Relativistic thinking

Answer 5

• Viewing all knowledge as embedded in a framework of thought
• Aware of a diversity of opinions on many topics
• Gave up possibility of absolute truth, in favor of multiple truths, each relative to its context

Question 6

Commitment within relativistic thinking (Perry’s epistemic cognition)

Answer 6

• instead of choosing between opposing views, trying to formulate a more satisfying perspective that synthesizes contradictions

Question 7

Intimacy vs. Isolation (Erikson)

Answer 7

• Thoughts and feelings about making a permanent commitment to an intimate partner
• challenging when grappling with identity issues
• Risk-loneliness, self-absorption
• Committed love - generosity & compromise, but not total surrender of the self
  a. identity achievement positively correlated
  b. identity moratorium negatively correlated

Question 8

Marriage

Answer 8

Triangular theory of love

a. Intimacy
b. passion
c. commitment
- These shift in emphasis as romantic relationships develop

Question 9

Intimacy

Answer 9

• emotional component

- warm, tender communication, expression of concern about the other’s well-being, desire for partner to reciprocate

Question 10

Passion

Answer 10

• Desire for sexual activity and romance

- More so in early stages of relationship

Question 11

Commitment

Answer 11

• cognitive component

- partners decide that they are in love and to maintain that love

Question 12

Fowler’s stages of faith development

Answer 12

• Stage 0: “primal or undifferentiated” faith
• Stage 1: “intuitive-projective” faith
• Stage 2: “Mythic - Literal” faith
• Stage 3: “Synthetic-Conventional” faith
• Stage 4: “Individuative-Reflective” faith
• Stage 5: “Conjunctive” faith
• Stage 6: “Universalizing” faith

Question 13

Stage 0

Answer 13

“Primal or undifferentiated” faith

• birth to 2 years
• characterized by an early learning of the safety of their environment (i.e. warm, safe and secure vs. hurt, neglect and abuse)
• Development of a sense of trust and safety about the universe and the divine
• Conversely, negative experiences cause one to develop distrust with the universe and the divine

Question 14

Stage 1

Answer 14

“intuitive-projective” faith

• ages of three to seven
• religion is learned mainly through experiences, stories, images, and the people that one comes in contact with

Question 15

Stage 2

Answer 15

“mythic-literal” faith

• mostly in school children
• strong belief in the justice and reciprocity of the universe
• metaphors and symbolic language are often misunderstood and are taken literally

Question 16

Stage 3

Answer 16

“synthetic-conventional” faith

• arising in adolescence; age 12 to adulthood
• characterized by conformity to religious authority and the development of a personal identity
• any conflicts with one’s beliefs are ignored at this stage due to the fear of threat from inconsistencies

Question 17

Stage 4

Answer 17

“individuative-Reflective” faith

• mid-twenties to late thirties
• a stage of angst and struggle
• the individual takes personal responsibility for his or her beliefs and feelings
• as one is able to reflect on one’s own beliefs, there is an openness to a new complexity of faith, but this also increases the awareness of conflicts in one’s belief

Question 18

Stage 5

Answer 18

“conjunctive” faith

• mid-life crisis
• acknowledges paradox and transcendence relating reality behind the symbols of inherited systems
• the individual resolves conflicts from previous stages by a complex understanding of a multidimensional, interdependent “truth” that cannot be explained by any particular statement

Question 19

Stage 6

Answer 19

“Universalizing” faith
- the individual would treat any person with compassion as he or she views people from a universal community, and should be treated with universal principles of love and justice