Middle and late childhood

Question 1

• spans the ages between early childhood and adolescence
• approximately ages 6 to 11 years.
• Children gain greater control over the movement of their bodies,
  mastering many gross and fine motor skills that eluded the younger child.

Answer 1

MIDDLE AND LATE CHILDHOOD

Question 2

• The period of middle and late childhood involves slow, consistent
  growth.
• During this period, children grow an average of 2 to 3 inches a year.
• Muscle mass and strength gradually increase.
• Among the most pronounced changes in body growth and proportion are
  decreases in head circumference and waist circumference in relation to
  body height.

Answer 2

Physical Changes and Health

Question 3

Changes in the _____ middle and late childhood include advances in
functioning in the prefrontal cortex, which are reflected in improved
attention, reasoning, and cognitive control

Answer 3

The Brain

Question 4

• During middle and late childhood, ___________ becomes much
  smoother and more coordinated.
• Children gain greater control over their bodies and can sit and pay
  attention forlonger periods of time. However, their lives should include
  abundant physical activity

Answer 4

Motor Development

Question 5

Parents play an especially important role in guiding children to increase
their _______.
- Heavy television viewing and computer use are linked to lower activity
levels in children

Answer 5

Exercise

Question 6

• For the most part, middle and late childhood is a time of excellent health.
• The most common cause of severe injury and death in childhood is motor
  vehicle accidents.

Answer 6

Health, Illness, and Disease

Question 7

• Approximately 14 percent of U.S. children from 3 to 21 years of age
  receive special education or related services.

Answer 7

The Scope of Disabilities

Question 8

is a category of learning disabilities that involves a severe
impairment in the ability to read and spell.

Answer 8

Dyslexia

Question 9

is a learning disability that involves difficulty in handwriting.

Answer 9

Dysgraphia

Question 10

is a learning disability that involves difficulties in math
computation.

Answer 10

Dyscalculia

Question 11

is a disability in which
individuals consistently show problems in one or more of these areas:
(1) inattention,
(2) hyperactivity, and
(3) impulsivity.

Answer 11

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Question 12

consist of serious, persistent
problems that involve relationships, aggression, depression, fears
associated with personal or school matters, as well as other
inappropriate socioemotional characteristics.

Answer 12

Emotional and behavioral disorders

Question 13

• said that the stage of concrete operational thought characterizes
  children from about 7 to 11 years of age.
• During this stage, children are capable of concrete operations,
  conservation, classification, seriation, and transitivity.

Answer 13

Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory

Question 14

• Long-term memory increases in middle and late childhood. Working
  memory is an important memory process.
• Knowledge and expertise influence memory.

Answer 14

Information Processing

Question 15

Among the key dimensions of executive function that are important in
cognitive development and school success are:

Answer 15

1. self-control/inhibition,
2. working memory, and
3. flexibility

Question 16

involves thinking reflectively and productively, as well
as evaluating available evidence.

Answer 16

Critical thinking

Question 17

is the ability to think in novel and unusual ways and to
come up with unique solutions to problems.

Answer 17

Creative thinking

Question 18

is knowing about knowing.

Answer 18

Metacognition

Question 19

consists of problem-solving skills and the ability to adapt to
and learn from life’s everyday experiences.

Answer 19

Intelligence

Question 20

Sternberg proposed that intelligence comes in three main forms:

Answer 20

1. analytical,
2. creative, and
3. practical.

Question 21

Gardner proposes that there are eight types of intelligence:

Answer 21

1. verbal
2. Mathematical
3. Spatial
4. bodily-kinesthetic
5. Interpersonal
6. Intrapersonal
7. musical
8. naturalist.

Question 22

Intelligence test scores have risen considerably around the world in recent
decades.
This phenomenon is called the _______, and it supports the role of
environment in intelligence.

Answer 22

Flynn effect

Question 23

involves a low level of intellectual functioning as
well as difficulty adapting to the demands of everyday life, with these
characteristics occurring prior to age 18.

Answer 23

Intellectual disability

Question 24

Children gradually become more analytical and logical in their approach
to words and grammar.
In terms of grammar, children now better understand comparatives and
subjectives.
They become increasingly able to use complex grammar and produce
narratives that make sense.

Answer 24

Vocabulary, Grammar, and Metalinguistic Awareness

Question 25

 A current debate in reading focuses on the phonics approach versus the
whole-language approach.
 The phonics approach advocates phonetics instruction and giving
children simplified materials.

Answer 25

Reading

Question 26

Advances in children’s language and cognitive development provide the
underpinnings for improved

Answer 26

Writing

Question 27

Children increase their perspective taking in middle and late childhood,
and their social understanding shows increasing psychological
sophistication as well.

Answer 27

The self

Question 28

refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self.

Answer 28

Self concept

Question 29

refers to global evaluations of the self and is also referred to as self-
worth or self-image.
- is only moderately related to school performance but is more
strongly linked to initiative.

Answer 29

Self esteem

Question 30

is the belief that one can master a situation and produce positive
outcomes.

Answer 30

Self-efficacy

Question 31

involves positive moral behaviors such as sharing.
- Most sharing in the first three years is not done for empathy, but at about
4 years of age empathy contributes to sharing.

Answer 31

Prosocial behavior

Question 32

stereotypes are prevalent around the world.

Answer 32

Gender

Question 33

are frequently named as a best friend and are rarely disliked by
their peers.

Answer 33

Popular children

Question 34

receive an average number of both positive and negative
nominations from their peers

Answer 34

Average children

Question 35

are infrequently named as a best friend but are not
disliked by their peers.

Answer 35

Neglected children

Question 36

are infrequently named as a best friend and are actively
disliked by their peers.

Answer 36

Rejected children

Question 37

are frequently named both as a best friend and as
being disliked by peers.

Answer 37

Controversial children

Question 38

• Social information-processing skills and social knowledge are two important
  dimensions of social cognition in peer relations

Answer 38

Social Cognition

Question 39

Significant numbers of children are _______, and this can result in short-term
and long-term negative effects for both the victims and bullies

Answer 39

Bullying

Question 40

Like adult friends, children who are friends tend to be similar to each other.

Answer 40

Friends