16Pf Flashcards
He developed the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire
Raymond Cattell
After the raw scores on the 16 factors are obtained they are then converted to what type of score?
Sten scores
The raw score on Impression Management index is converted to what type of score?
Percentile Rank
Historically, the basic scales of the 16PF have been labeled with letters (e.g., Factor A, Factor B, etc., through Factor Q4). The fifth edition continues the tradition of using factor letters and also provides “common-language” names for each scale.
Primary Factor Scales
Each scale in 16PF has two poles. This means that the scales in 16PF are _____ in nature. (Hint: Mood Disorder)
Bipolar
In addition to the 16 primary scales, the 16PF contains a set of 5 scales that combine related primary scales called _____.
Global Factors
This scale measures the tendency of testtakers to answer “true” to an item, no matter what its content.
Acquiescence Scale
Acquiescence
This scale measures the tendency of testtakers to answer “b” on most of the items, representing the uncertain or cannot decide option.
Infrequency Scale
Infrequency
This factor is composed of items concerning the ability to solve problems (concrete or abstract).
Reasoning
What is the average completion time of 16PF through paper-and-pencil administration?
35-50 minutes
The 16PF is composed of how many items?
185
This factor may include high scores on Warmth, Liveliness, and Social Boldness together with low scores on Privateness and Self-Reliance. The factor is called _____.
Extraversion
Low scorers on this factor can be described as accommodating, agreeable, and selfless.
Independence
In this factor, high scorers tend to be able to inhibit their impulses. They simply do not value flexibility or spontaneity.
Self-control
High scorers on this factor may portray a sense of being “established” possibly to the degree of being set or fixed while low scorers are described to be receptive, open-minded, and intuitive. The factor is called _____.
Tough-mindedness
The degree of this factor in the testtaker is determined by measuring the individual’s Emotional Stability, Vigilance, Apprehension, and Tension.
Anxiety
SCORING
- Step 1: Score the Test
- Step 2: Convert Raw Scores to Sten Scores
- Step 3: Calculate Global Factor Sten Scores
- Step 4: Profile Sten Scores
The test, which can be administered individually or in a group setting, takes _______ to complete by hand or _______ to complete by computer.
35 to 50 minutes
25 to 35 minutes
RESPONSE STYLE INDICES
Impression Management (IM) Scale.
Infrequency (INF) Scale.
Acquiescence (ACQ).
This bipolar scale consists of 12 items. The items are scored only on the
scale and do not contribute to any of the primary personality scales. is essentially a social-desirability scale, with
high scores reflecting socially desirable responses and low scores reflecting willingness to admit undesirable
attributes or behaviors. The item content reflects both socially desirable and undesirable behaviors or qualities.
Impression Management (IM) Scale.
consists of 32 items taken from the full set of personality items in the fifth
edition. High scores indicate that an examinee answered a relatively large number of items in a way
different from most people. Possible explanations include random responding, inability to
decide, reactions to specific item content, reading or comprehension difficulties, or trying to avoid making the
“wrong impression.
”
Infrequency (INF) Scale.
INF is scored by tallying the number of “_” responses in the set of __items. Simply score 1 point for each b-response,
and 0 points otherwise. Raw scores of _________ relative to the norm sample,
and are considered to be high.
b
32
7 or greater fall at or above the 95th percentile
measures the tendency to answer “true” to an item, no matter what its content.
This scale, which consists of 103 true-or-false items, is unique to the 16PF 5th edition. Its utility will be determined by
test users in applications of the fifth edition.
Acquiescence (ACQ).
ACQ is scored by tallying the number of TRUE responses in the subset of _______contained within
the 16PF. For each item, an “a” response (TRUE) receives 1 point; otherwise, 0. As with the other response style
scales, scores above the 95th percentile on the ACQ scale signify the possibility of an acquiescent response set. _______ exceed the 95th percentile and are considered high. The testing professional should try to
determine whether the high score reflects random, inconsistent or indecisive responding, or a high need for
approval.
103 True-False questions
Raw
scores of 70 or higher
GLOBAL FACTOR INTERPRETIVE INFORMATION
Extraversion.
Anxiety
Tough-Mindedness
Independence
Self Control
Cattell originally called this global factor “Cortertia,
” an abbreviation for “Cortical alertness”
.
High scorers on Cortertia were described as alert and tending to deal withp problems at a dry cognitive level. The
factor later assumed the more popularized term “Tough Poise.
”
Tough-Mindedness.
has been described since early studies of personality, and continues to be
described in studies of the “big-five” dimensions of personality.
Anxiety
revolves around the tendency to be actively and forcefully self-determined in one’s
thinking and actions.
Independence
concerns curbing one’s urges. High scorers tend to be able to inhibit their impulses and
may do so in several ways, depending on the pattern of scores on the related primary factor scales.
Self-Control
PRIMARY FACTOR INTERPRETIVE INFORMATION
Factor A (Warmth): Warm versus Reserved.
Factor B (Reasoning): Abstract versus Concrete.
Factor C (Emotional Stability): Emotionally Stable versus Reactive.
Factor E (Dominance): Dominant versus Deferential.
Factor F (Liveliness): Lively versus Serious.
Factor G (Rule Consciousness): Rule Conscious versus Expedient.
Factor H (Social Boldness): Socially Bold versus Shy.
Factor I (Sensitivity): Sensitive versus Utilitarian.
Factor I (Sensitivity): Sensitive versus Utilitarian.
Factor M (Abstractedness): Abstracted versus Grounded.
Factor N (Privateness): Private versus Forthright.
Factor O (Apprehension): Apprehensive versus Self-Assured.
Factor Q1 (Openness to Change): Open to Change versus Traditional.
Factor Q2 (Self-Reliance): Self-Reliant versus Group-Oriented.
Factor Q3 (Perfectionism): Perfectionistic versus Tolerates Disorder.
Factor Q4 (Tension): Tense versus Relaxed.
addresses the tendency to be warmly involved with people
versus the tendency to be more reserved socially and interpersonally; both poles are normal. people
tend to be more cautions in involvement and attachments. They tend to like working alone, often on mechanical,
intellectual, or artistic pursuits. people tend to have more interest in people and to prefer occupations
dealing with people. They tend to be comfortable in situations that call for closeness with other people.
Factor A (Warmth): Warm versus Reserved.
The scale is composed of 15 items concerning the ability to
solve problems using reasoning. The is described as a brief measure of reasoning or intelligence, although it
is not intended as a replacement for more reliable, full-length measures of mental ability. Therefore, cautious
interpretations are in order. Even though Reasoning is not a personality trait, it is included in the 16PF because
cognitive style moderates the expression of many personality traits.
Factor B (Reasoning): Abstract versus Concrete.
This factor largely concerns feelings about coping
with day-to-day life and its challenges. High scorers tend to take life in stride and to manage events and emotions in
a balanced, adaptive way. Low scorers feel a certain lack of control over life. Low scorers tend to react to life,
whereas high scorers make adaptive or proactive choices in managing their lives. This factor has an element of
emotional well-being. However, an extremely high score on this scale can indicate that an examinee may be strongly
disinclined to report, or even to experience, so-called “negative” feelings.
Factor C (Emotional Stability): Emotionally Stable versus Reactive.
Factor exuberance is compared to the natural self-expression and
spontaneity exhibited by children before they learn self-control. High scorers are enthusiastic, spontaneous, and
attention-seeking; they are lively and drawn to stimulating social situations. Extreme scores may reflect a flighty
quality that is seen as unreliable or immature.
Factor F (Liveliness): Lively versus Serious.
This factor involves the tendency to exert one’s will over
others (Dominance) versus accommodating others’ wishes (Deference).
Factor E (Dominance): Dominant versus Deferential.
This factor addresses the extent to which cultural
standards of right and wrong are internalized and used to govern behavior. It has been associated with the
psychoanalytic concept of superego, in which moral ideals from the culture and environment are internalized and
used to control the id impulses of self-gratification. High scorers tend to perceive themselves as strict followers of
rules, principles, and manners. In previous editions, high scorers are described as those who endorse conventional
cultural values in their responses to Factor items. Rule-conscious people emphasize the importance of
conformance to regulations, depicting themselves as rule-bound, conscientiousness, and persevering. They can be
perceived as staid, inflexible, or self-righteous because of their dogmatism.
Factor G (Rule Consciousness): Rule Conscious versus Expedient.
The content of Factor scale focuses on people’s sensitivities and
sensibilities; that is, high scorers tend to base judgments on personal tastes and aesthetic values, whereas low
scorers tend to have a more utilitarian focus.
Factor I (Sensitivity): Sensitive versus Utilitarian.
This factor relates to the tendency to trust versus being vigilant about
others’ motives and intentions. High scorers expect to be misunderstood or taken advantage of, and they experience
themselves as separate from other people.
Factor L (Vigilance): Vigilant versus Trusting.
Factor addresses the type of things to which people
give thought and attention. people are more oriented to internal mental processes and ideas rather
than to practicalities. people focus on their senses, observable data, and the outer realities of their
environment in forming their perceptions. In previous editions, this factor is linked to the Jungian perceiving
functions, Sensation versus Intuition.
Factor M (Abstractedness): Abstracted versus Grounded.
High scorers tend to say that they are sensitive and worry too much about things they have done, that they are hurt
if people dislike them, and that they tend to be too self-critical. Low scorers say that they worry less than most
people, they usually are not upset if people dislike them, and they do not spend time thinking about what they
should have said but didn’t.
Factor O (Apprehension): Apprehensive versus Self-Assured.
High scorers say that they tend to keep problems to themselves rather than discussing them with friends, that they
have difficulty talking about personal matters, and that people find them hard to get close to. Low scorers say that
they tend to talk about their feelings readily and that they give more than minimal responses to personal questions.
Factor N (Privateness): Private versus Forthright.
This factor tends to be about maintaining contact
with or proximity to others.
Factor Q2 (Self-Reliance): Self-Reliant versus Group-Oriented.
High scorers tend to think of ways to improve
things and to enjoy experimenting. If they perceive the status quo as unsatisfactory or dull, they are inclined to
change it. Low scorers tend to prefer traditional ways of looking things. They don’t question the way things are done.
They prefer life to be predictable and familiar, even if life is not ideal.
Factor Q1 (Openness to Change): Open to Change versus Traditional.
.
High scorers tend to become frustrated too quickly with people, to get annoyed by changes in plans, and to become
restless and fidgety when waiting for something. Low scorers are not bothered by people interrupting them, find it
easy to be patient, and don’t tend to get as restless and fidgety as most people when waiting.
Factor Q4 (Tension): Tense versus Relaxed.
High scorers say that they keep their belongings in tip-top shape, they like to have things done just right, they plan
ahead, and they believe that any job should be done thoroughly if it is to be done at all. Low scorers say that they do
not mind if their room is messy, they do not always take time to think ahead of everything needed for a job, and
they think that some jobs don’t have to be done as carefully as others.
Factor Q3 (Perfectionism): Perfectionistic versus Tolerates Disorder.
