ETHICS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH Flashcards
refers to the principles of morally right conduct accepted by a
person or a group or considered appropriate to a specific field (APA,
n.d.)
refers to the correct rules of conduct necessary when carrying
out research. We have a moral responsibility to protect research
participants from harm
Ethics
Ethics refers to the correct rules of conduct necessary when carrying
out research. We have a moral responsibility to protect research
participants from harm (_______)
McLeod, 2023
a committee that reviews research involving human subjects to ensure
that the research is ethical and protects the rights of participants
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
After the _____, ethics came to the forefront after the discoveries of
brutal experiments conducted on ________ by about ______
WWII
Jewish concentration camp
prisoners
200 Nazi doctors
During the international trials that followed the war (_____), a code of ethical standards for
scientific research was created
the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials
3 Ethical Principles
Respect for Persons
Beneficence
Justice
____: ________,_______, and______ issued the ______ (a statement of government policy on research involving human subjects)
1979
US Department of Health
Education
Welfare
Belmont Report
Subject agrees to participate after having been fully informed about the
nature of the study
Informed Consent
Informed Consent
Should be obtained in ____
writing
What is the process if the subject is a minor or is cognitively impaired?
Consent forms need to be written in clear, understandable language at the
appropriate reading level of the participants
Content:
Nature of the experiment
Overview of the procedures
How long it will take
Potential risks and benefits
What they will be required to do
The relationship between researcher and participants should be as
open and honest as possible
However, experimenters sometimes mislead participants about the true
purpose of an experiment
Deception and Full Disclosure
The subject should have a way to contact the investigator following
participation in the research as even the most scrupulously ethical project of
the minimal-risk sort may have unintended effects
Protection from Harm and Debriefing
- the experimented explains the general purpose of the research;
the researcher completely describes the manipulations so that any questions or
misunderstandings may be removed
DEBRIEFING
Participants should be allowed to decline to participate or to withdraw at any
time
Freedom to Withdraw
It is the experimenter
’s responsibility to protect the privacy of research
participants
Whenever possible, data should be collected anonymously and
identified by code numbers of fictitious names
unless otherwise stated
Data must be stored in a secure place, kept confidential, and used only
for purposes explained to the subject
Anonymity and Confidentiality
- humane care and treatment of animals
Animal welfare
evaluates animal research before it can be conducted
Scientists, laypersons, as well as a veterinarian with
expertise in animal laboratory science
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)
: if the concept of legal and moral rights can
be applied to human research, it can also be applied in the
same way to animal research
Rollin (1985)
all sensate species, particularly those that feel pain, are of
equal value and have equal rights
The Animal Rights Movement
The essence of this debate was highlighted on ____, when the heart of a healthy baboon was transplanted into
a dying newborn baby
October 26,
1984
has pointed out that psychological experiments
with animals have led to treatments of many psychological
problems (such as depression, OCD, enuresis, and anorexia
nervosa)
Studying animals has also advanced our knowledge of human
behavior in the areas of perception, conditioning, learning,
memory and stress
Miller (1985)
Animal feel pain and their lives can be destroyed, as is true of
humans
Destroying or harming any living thing is dehumanizing to the
human scientist
Claims about scientific progress being helped by animal
research are a form of racism
Arguments Against Research with Animals
Scientific progress at the expense of animals is simply ____ - belief that the sacrifice of members of other
species is justified if our species is benefited
speciesism
Psychologists acquire, care for, use, and dispose of animals in
compliance with current federal, state, and local laws and
regulations, and with professional standards
Humane Care and Use of Animals in Research (APA
We report our findings and procedures honestly and
accurately
FRAUD IN SCIENCE
results are manipulated so as to make them look better
Cooking data”
observations are reported that were not in fact made
Forging data”
:
Research articles submitted for publication are reviewed by the
editor of the periodical and by several experts in the field
before they can be accepted for publication
Safeguards
If data have been falsified, it is unlikely that the experiment
will be successfully ____
replicated
Taking credit for someone else’s ideas, data, or words
To represent someone else’s ideas, works as your own
If you are using someone else’s words, you are obliged to use
quotation marks with an appropriate citation. Slightly wording
someone else’s writing is also inappropriate, especially without
proper citation.
PLAGIARISM
If the idea came from someone else, you should give that person
credit even if you are not quoting him or her directly
Idea Plagiarism
In a study (_______), half of the students who filled out a
survey reported that they did not consider it plagiarism to cut
and paste someone else
’s work into their own papers without
citing the sources
McCabe, 2003
The _________ formed the basis of today
’s ethical standard
Nuremberg Code of 1947
