Middle Ages Test Flashcards
Receives land in exchange for military service (feudal)
vassal
Why was feudalism created?
to protect subjects
Code of conduct for knights
chivalry
The church withdrew many of their rights
nuns
He stated that only the Church could appoint its officials
Pope Gregory VII
Opposed Pope Gregory VII
King Henry VII
Monks who traveled and preached gospels
friars
Who the idea of city charters came from
Muslim merchants
Claimed the right to try clergy in royal courts
Henry II
Effects of the Black Death
- Killed 1/3 of Europe
- Led to an increase in wages and prices throughout Europe
- Trade suffered
- Wars were temporarily abandoned
Required that the every vassal pledge allegiance to him above everyone else
William the Conqueror
King John was forced to sign this to appeal to the nobles
Magna Carta
A type of architecture known for its tall spikes and stained glass windows
gothic
An event that allowed the French to expand their power
Hundred Years’ War
The everyday language for ordinary people
vernacular
Young peasant girl who led the French to victory in the Hundred Years’ War
Joan of Arc
Center of the feudal economy
the manor
Agricultural system based on the rotation of crops and fields
3-field system
Had supreme power over all political leaders
pope
Time period where there were two popes – one in France and one in Italy
the Great Schism
King who fought with Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket over trying church officials in royal courts
King Henry II
She married two kings, participated in the Crusades and was mother to Richard the Lion-hearted and John.
Eleanor of Aquitaine
He fought for the pope against the
Albigensians in addition to leading France
Phillip II
What was Joan of Arc tried and executed for?
witchcraft
Series of wars fought over access and control of the Holy Land between Christians and Muslims
the Crusades
Who led the third crusade for the muslims?
Saladin (Salah-aldin)
What is a fief?
a land grant given to vassals
How were feudal social classes determined?
prestige and power
Describe feudal social classes
nobles and knights, men and women of the church, and peasants (mostly serfs)
What is a serf?
a peasant bound to the land he was born on, but was not a slave
Where did the produce made by the serfs go?
their lords
What did serfs receive from their lord?
housing, farmland, and protection (they were self-sufficient)
What is lay investiture?
the practice by which the royal power could appoint Church officials
What was the Concordat of Worms?
an agreement where the Church could appoint its own officials, but the emperor had the power to veto it
What were the Crusades about?
control over the Holy Land
Who won the Crusades?
the Muslims
How did the Crusades begin?
called for by Pope Urban II after Alexius Comnenus (Byzantine emperor) requested help to fight off the Seljuk Turks
Effects of the Crusades
- a - Muslim distrust of Christians/xenophobia/religious intolerance
b - Muslim property and lives destroyed/Jewish books and synagogues destroyed
c - No more Byzantine Empire - a - Trade now flourishes/spread of culture
b - Popes gained power
c - Traveling brought awareness to existence of other lands (India)
