Middle Ages people, groups, & movements Flashcards
What is Hildegard von Bingen known for?
was an inspired religious leader, writer, and composer
known for mystic visions and prophesies
composed original poetry and music and created a new genre - the morality play (ex: Ordo virtutum)
[p. 12]
What is significant about the year 476?
fall of the Roman Empire
[p. 6]
How many motets did Guillaume de Machaut write?
23, including:
- Hareu! Hareu! Le feu/Helas/Obediens
Who was Giovanni Boccaccio?
poet/writer of Middle Ages
[p. 6]
Describe Philippe de Vitry’s musical contributions.
can be included among the innovative musicians who deliberately struck out in new directions
innovator in the notation of rhythm, including the “imperfect” division of notes into two equal units (a move away from the division of notes into three equal units, considered “perfect”)
broke free from older patterns and rhythmic modes
used isorhythm, the repetition of an extended pattern, in which melodic patterns and rhythmic segments of different lengths are combined
[p. 33]
What important work did Philippe de Vitry write?
Ars nova treatise
[p. 33]
Who was Dante Alighieri?
poet/writer of Middle Ages
[p. 6]
What major work is Leonin known for?
Magnus Liber Organi (Great Book of Organum)
[p. 15]
Describe the changes/developments in four primary elements of musical style in the Middle Ages.
- Texture - development of polyphony.
- Notation - development of a system of notation
- Melodic Range - with increased complexity and styles came increased range
- Rhythm - increased complexity came with more structured rhythm
[p. 7]
Who was Geoffrey Chaucer?
poet/writer of the Middle Ages
[p. 6]
What kinds of chansons did Guillaume de Machaut write?
monophonic and polyphonic, including:
- Rose, liz
- Douce dame jolie
- Puis qu’en oubli
[p. 35]
What musical contributions did Perotin make?
expanded polyphonic technique by composing three- and four-part polyphony
composed “substitute clausulae” to replace sections within organa originally composed by Leonin
[p. 16]
Compare & contrast Leonin & Perotin
- Leonin: organal style with passages in discant style
- Leonin: 2- & 3-part / Perotin: 3- & 4-part
- Both used clausulae; Perotin wrote substitute clausulae to replace some of Leonin’s
- Leonin: used rhythmic modes / Perotin: used more sophisticated rhythmic modes
[online]
What is the importance of “Anonymous IV”?
treatise from ca 1275
earliest documentation of the existence of Leonin & Perotin
[p. 16]
Who were two leading composers of the Notre Dame school?
Leonin and Perotin
[p. 15]
Perotin - dates
fl. 1175-1225
[p. 16]
Philippe de Vitry - dates & biographical info
1291-1361
French composer, poet, and bishop of Meaux
[p. 33]
Name an example of Perotin’s more advanced polyphony and its genre.
- Sederunt principes
- organum quadruplum (four-voice organum)
[p. 17]
What was the significance of the Carolingian Renaissance?
initiated a revival of arts and culture and brought significant and lasting education reforms
[p. 6]
Pope Gregory I - dates
540-604
[p. 9]
What are two other names for the Middle Ages?
Medieval era
Dark Ages - because of its association with plagues, lawlessness, religious conflicts, constant wars, and repressive feudal societies
[p. 6]
Describe Moniot d’Arras’s musical contributions.
- among the last composers in the trouvere tradition
- wrote both sacred and secular music
- monophonic secular songs used modal melodies and would likely have been performed with an improvised accompaniment
[p. 25]
When and where was Leonin active?
in Paris in the late 12th century
[p. 15]
Leonin - dates
fl. 1150-1201
[p. 15]
What is Guido of Arezzo known for?
used hymn Ut queant laxis to creat a system for teaching sight singing using a set of syllables (ut-re-mi-fa-sol-la) to help singers remember patterns of whole steps and half steps
system formed the basis for modern solmization syllables and system
historically important musician and theorist
[p. 13]
Name three works by Guillaume de Machaut.
- Messe de Nostre Dame
- Rose, liz (four-voice chanson, rondeau)
- Ma fin est mon commencement (three-voice rondeau)
[p. 35]
What did Moniot d’Arras write and when?
chanson Ce fut en mai
mid-13th century
[p. 22]
Name and describe one piece written by Adam de la Halle.
“Robin m’aime” from Jeu de Robin et Marion (13th-century musical play)
song consists of a monophonic, modal melody
[p. 26]
Who is credited with beginning the motet genre?
Perotin
[online]
What 3 things is Pope Gregory known for?
- leader of Roman Catholic Church 590-604
- organized and codified the chants that had accumulated, leading to the establishment of a uniform liturgical service
- oversaw the expansion of schools to train singers in performance of sacred repertoire (schola cantorum)
[p. 9]
Guillaume de Machaut - dates & biographical info
ca. 1300-1377
most celebrated poet and musician of the French ars nova
[p. 35]
Name 3 poets/writers of the Middle Ages.
Dante Alighieri
Giovanni Boccaccio
Geoffrey Chaucer
[p. 6]
Moniot d’Arras - biographical info
ca 1213-1239
* a monk who lived and worked at the Abbey of St. Vaast in France
* among the last composers in the trouvere tradition
[p. 25]
What compositional techniques is Leonin famous for?
first composer of polyphony known to us by name
produced two-part organum, using organal and discant style and employing rhythmic modes
[p. 15]
Dates of Charlemagne’s reign
ca. 768-814
[p. 6]
What is Adam de la Halle’s significance in this unit?
one of the more famous Medieval trouveres
13th-century motet demonstrates the juxtaposition of sacred and secular elements
[p. 21]
What has been attributed to Thomas of Celano and in what year?
- Dies irae* chant melody
ca. 1250
[p. 12]
Describe Guillaume de Machaut’s musical contributions.
contributed to both sacred and secular music by working for several different princes and kings as well as for the Church
used a greater variety of intervals (including 3rds and 6ths)
employed highly sophisticated contrapuntal techniques
14th-century rhythmic complexity demonstrated in… syncopation, hocket, isorhythm
wrote both monophonic and polyphonic chansons (monophonic chansons represent a continuation of the trouvere trasition)
frequently wrote his own poetry
composed the first complete polyphonic setting of Mass Ordinary - Messe de Nostre Dame
[p. 35]
What did we learn as a result of contact with Islamic culture?
resulted in expanded knowledge about astronomy, mathematics, and medicine
[p. 6]
Moniot d’Arras - dates
ca. 1213-1239
[p. 25]
What is Moriot d’Assas known for?
- writing both sacred and secular music
- his monophonic secular songs using modal melodies which would have likely been performed with an improvised accompaniment
[online]
What is significant about the year 1450?
fall of Constantinople
[p. 6]
Guido of Arezzo - dates
ca. 991 - ca. 1033
[p. 13]
Where is Aquitaine and what is its importance?
southern France
location of early developments of organum that would lead to Notre Dame School
[online]
What work is Hildegard von Bingen best known for?
morality play Ordo virtutum (Play of Virtues)
[p. 12]
Hildegard von Bingen - dates
1098-1179
[p. 12]
Describe Gothic architecture.
supplanted heavy Romanesque structure with towering spires and flying buttresses of its cathedrals
Put these composers in chronological order:
* Leonin
* Guillaum de Machaut
* Moniot d’Arras
* Hildegard von Bingen
* Perotin
* Guido d’Arrezo
* Philippe de Vitry
* Pope Gregory I
- Pope Gregory I (540-604)
- Guido d’Arezzo (ca. 991-ca. 1033)
- Hildegard von Bingen (1098-1179
- Leonin (fl. 1150-1201)
- Perotin (fl. 1175-1225)
- Moniot d’Arras (ca. 1213-ca. 1239
- Philippe de Vitry (1291-1361)
- Guillaume de Machaut (ca. 1300 - 1377)
Put these works in chronological order:
* “Ars nova”
* “Ce fut en mai”
* “Chansonnier du Roy”
* “Dies Irae”
* “Haec dies” chant
* “Haec dies” organum
* “Magnus Liber Organum”
* “Messe de Nostre Dame”
* “Musica Enchiriadis”
* “O mitissima/Virgo/Haec dies”
* “Ordo virtutum”
* organization of Gregorian chant
* “Royal Estampie No. 4”
* “Ut queant laxis”
- “Haec dies” chant
- organization of Gregorian chant
- “Musica Enchiriadis”
- “Ut queant laxis”
- “Ordo virtutum”
- “Magnus Liber Organum”
- “Haec dies” organum
- “O mitissima/Virgo/Haec dies”
- “Royal Estampie No. 4”
- “Chansonnier du Roy”
- “Ce fu ten mai”
- “Dies irae”
- “Ars Nova”
- “Messe de Nostre Dame”
