Middle Ages And Greek And Roman Flashcards
What did prehistoric people caused disease
Spirits
How were illnesses treated
With charms and magic it herbs and practical remedies.
What did Hippocrates come up with
4 humours
What were the 4 humours
Blood
Yellow bile
Black bile
Phlegm
What were the humours linked to
Seasons and elements
Phlegm - winter and water
Black bile - earth and autumn
Yellow bile - summer and fire
Blood - spring and air
When did a person become ill according to Hippocrates?
When the humours were out of balance. The doctor had to restore this balance.
What was Galen’s theory
Theory of opposites. An opposite treatment to phlegm would be pepper.
What did Hippocrates develop the idea of?
Clinical observation
How many books did Galen write?
60
What did Galen do?
Study the human anatomy and increased body knowledge through dissecting animals.
Why was Galen liked?
He believed in a single god so the medieval church liked him
What happened when the Roman army fell?
There were no engineers with the technological knowledge to turn the sewers and baths effectively.
What did wars mean in the dark ages?
Made traveling difficult for doctors so treatment became very localized.
In medieval times what did they think caused disease?
Being sinful and angering god
Miasma - bad smells in the air
Curses from witches and wizards
Jews
Unbalanced humours
Outrageous fashion
Stars and astrology
What cures did they use in medieval times?
Pray to god and sometimes self harm
Herbs and potions
Exclude Jews from cities and towns
Balance humours
Go for a walk
Blood letting
Barber surgeons
Urine checking
Pilgrimage
Worship bones of a dead king
What was uroscopy?
Taking a urine sample and comparing it to the chart by the senses of sight smell and taste.
What was the zodiac man?
Doctors believed the movement of stars affected health and each part of the body was associated with an astrological sign and procedures when the moon was in the correct position would occur.
What are apothecaries?
Herbal remedies
What was alchemy?
The method of turning cheap metals into gold. Students doing this created potions.
What were surgeons like in medieval times?
They did not need to go to university but did need a license by passing a test.
What is purging?
Getting rid of unwanted humours by making you vomit or an enema.
What was a common cure?
Bleeding by cutting open a vein or leeches.
What surgeons were common in medieval period?
Barber surgeons were cheap and common. You could have your hair cut or an operation.
What was a quack?
People who sell potions that were meant to cure everything at fairs or on sides of roads.
Where was there an important medical school?
Salemo in Italy
What did the church believe caused illness?
God and curing an illness would be a challenge to god who had sent it as a punishment or test of faith.
What were the religious cures?
Prayers to God
Miraculous healing.
Shrines filled with relics of bones of a holy person for pilgrimages
Though Hippocratic and Galenic ideas were correct and taught these
Copied all books out by hand
Why did Church look after the sick?
They believed in following the example of Jesus who healed the sick and though it was good to look after sick. They wanted to care but not cute them.
They were not allowed to dissect bodies.
How many hospitals?
Between 1000 and 1500, 700 hospitals were started. They also had asylums and monasteries with infirmaries.
How did the help the development of medicine?
Controlled universities and taught medicine.
Saw a doctor as not a healer but someone that could predict illness.
Gave people comfort.
Trained doctors
Built new hospitals
How did the church hinder development?
Taught ancient medical ideas but didn’t discover new ones
Followed Galen as he believed in one god
Cared about care not cure
Dissection banned
Doctor training was second after religion.
What was Islamic medicine?
During the height of Islam’s culture and learning they made contributions.
What did Islam do?
Treated both the poor and rich and used clinical trials and postmortem autopsies to discover new things.
What did Islamic medicine achieve?
Used bone to replace teeth
Baghdad became a center for translation of Greek manuscripts into Arabic
Caliph’s library preserved hundreds of medical books
House of wisdom was world’s largest library and a study center for scholars.
Provided care for everyone gender, class and religion.
Who was Al Razi
865-925
He stresses the need for careful observations of the patient and distinguished measles from smallpox. Write 150 books and followed Galen but wanted to improve on his work.
Who was Ibn Sina
980-1037
Write a great encyclopedia of medicine called Canon of Medicine. Covered all Ancient Greek and Islamic medical knowledge at time and listed medical properties of 760 drugs and became standard European medical textbook in west until 17th century.
Who was Ibn Al - Narfis
Islam didn’t allow human dissection but he concluded Galen was wrong about how the heart worked and said blood circulated via the lungs. Works not read in Europe.
How did Islam help medicine?
Muslim doctors influenced western medicine.
Latin translations of merchant form Africa in 1065 made universities of Padua and Bologna in Italy become best places to study medicine in Europe
Reached England through trade and merchants
Challenged Galen’s work and cure not just care
How did Islam hinder development?
Not allowed to dissect a human
Books not get to west until 17th century so continued to follow Galen.
Who was John of Arden’s?
Very famous medical bum surgeon in England who was an army surgeon.
What happened to Louis XIV?
He had anal fistula and had no personal hygiene. January 15th 1685 when royal physicians discovered a swelling and he had to have barber surgeon Charles Francois Felix operate on him. Church proclaimed public bathing led to immorality.
What happened to Henry V ?
He was shot in the head with an arrow and it got stuck.
What did surgeons do in medieval surgery?
They observed patients and used herbal remedies to calm them. They diagnosed and used a honey ointment to heal and battle infection.
What problems did surgeons face?
No antibiotics or pain relief
Could become infected
People suck out puss
Death
Couldn’t rebuild bones
Unclean clothes
How did surgery develop ?
Knew how to heal a wound
Made new tools.
Who practiced surgery?
Barbers who combined cutting hair and surgical operations such as bloodletting and tooth extractions.
How were surgeons trained?
Apprenticed to other surgeons and watched and copied them. Learnt on battlefields due to wars.
What was cauterisation?
A common method of burning the wound to stop blood flow using a heated iron.
What progress was made in medieval surgery?
Made new surgeries and safety against pain with opium and infection with honey. Created new tools and taught medicine at university.
What was public health like in the Middle Ages?
Towns were built near rivers or water and some towns had elaborate systems for water built by Romans.
Towns grew so has to use pipes of wood or lead.
Dwellers used water to remove sewage and threw it into the street.
Most towns and private houses has privies with cesspits where water collected.
Cesspits dug out annually but seeped into rivers and wells and open drains overflowed
Wealthy people has streets swept by servants.
What solutions were attempted to improve public health?
Between 1250 and 1530 towns grew so mayors didn’t want to increase tax.
No knowledge of germs so little sanitation.
Believed disease was spread by bad air so removed unpleasant smells.
Council passed local laws to keep streets clean and remove rubbish but it was hard to maintain and enforce.
Why did monasteries have good public health?
They were built on isolated river to supply mills. Had elaborate pipe lines to deliver water to basins and removed impurities.
Had good washing facilities.
Had toilets
Had religious routines of cleanliness so bathed as a sign of celibacy.
Had drains and washed clothes twice a weeks.
Very wealth places and well educated and disciplined.
When was the Black Death?
1348
What was the bubonic plague?
Spread by fleas jumping onto rats and made people cold and tired. Buboes appeared in armpits and groin and small blisters over body. High fever and headaches.
What was the pneumonic plague?
Attacked lungs and caused breathing problems, coughed blood. Spread by people breathing or coughing germs into one another.
How was the Black Death spread?
Ship and trade
What caused the Black Death?
A drought or earthquake removed disease form water in Asia and travelled in bloodstream of fleas and rats. Reached Crimea in 8 years and spread fast. Italian merchants caused war between Christians and Muslims and carcasses of plague victims flung at them causing them to flee to Europe in 1846 bringing plague.
When did the plague finish?
1350
What did people believe caused the plague?
Jews
They had sinned so god caused it
Miasma
Bad smells and infected air
Humours out of balance
Astrology
How did people try to cure the Black Death?
Looked to the church
Corrupted air purified with fire
Regular bleedings
Rich fled to countryside
Took pills of stag horn
No effective cures as few recovered
Pope allowed dissection to see what was happening
How did people try to prevent it?
Pray to God
Dead people buried in plague pits outside city walls
No rats or fleas could get through fire
Recited symptoms so others could learn.
Sick bricked into house walls
Self whipping
Jews massacred throughout Europe
Villages deserted
Self flatulence
How did people try to cure the Black Death?
Aromatherapy - treatment using different smells. Had to carry sweet flowers or pockets of herbs. French perfume used.
Treacle - given to suck to drink but had to be 10 years old and smelly.
Bloodletting
Bathe in urine or drink it - several times per day
Love chicken - they would shave chickens bottom and attach it to buboes. Meant to take illness from you.
Flaggekabfs
Sitting in sewers - fight of foul smell
Powder of crushed emeralds - mixed with food and drunk
Paste buboes - cut open and paste applied. Made of tree resins, flower roots and poo.
Jews
How many people died from the Black Death?
2-3 million people. 30-45% English population.
What effects did the Black Death have?
Higher wages
More land and low rents
Better offers
More freedom of movement
No labour services - peasants stopped labour services.
Cities deserted
What anatomical discovery did Galen make
Two jawbones proved on a pig
Who created an anaesthetic using opium
John of Ardene
