20th And 21st Century Flashcards
When were the liberal reforms?
1906 - 1911
How many people thaf signed up for the Boer War were medically unfit?
40%
What did the second public health act do?
Local councils forced to appoint medical officers to be responsible for public health.
Councilors ordered to cover up sewers and supply fresh water and collect rubbish
What made the government realize changes were needed at the start of the 20th century?
They had none to join the army as everyone was too ill.
Charles Booth poverty report
Germany was better with public health than the UK
People living in poverty and slums were overcrowded
What problems did Booth highlight in his report?
Charles Booth made Life and Labour of the people in London.
He found 30% were too poor to eat properly despite having full time jobs and found a link between poverty and high death rates.
When was Booth report?
1903
When was the Rowntree report?
1901
What did the Rowntree report highlight?
Called poverty a study of town life in 1901 and found that 28% did not have minimum amount of money to live on and they had bad smells and shared taps. He found poverty and health were a big issue and showed primary poverty and secondary poverty.
What did Rowntree create?
A minimum income and poverty line
What did the government want to gain from improving public health?
Some politicians, believed direct action was the way to improve public health and productivity and worried about popularity of the Labour Party so wanted to appeal to working people.
Were the liberal reforms popular?
Wit elderly and poor yes but rich saw it as robbery. Many tax payers didn’t eat to pay and rich though it unfair as it made them on the same level as the poor. Young people benefited.
What were the liberal reforms?
1906 - free school meals
1907 - all Botha required to be registered to a local health visitor.
1908 - old age pensioners act provided free pension to people above 70
1909 - Labour exchange set up to help unemployed find work.
1911 - national insurance act meant working men put money in to a scheme to take out when ill.
When was the NHS created?
1948
What is a welfare state?
Where the government try to help those in need.
What does from cradle to the grave mean?
Care is offered from birth to death.
What impact did the world wars have on public health?
The world wars changed attitudes as many people suffered from food shortages and vining attacks and men fought meaning they thought they should get a better future. Middle class people in the countryside were shocked by under nourished evacuated children to came to them.
When was the Beveridge Report?
1942
What was the Beveridge Report?
Said treat people all over the country and a right to be free of the five giants of disease, want, ignorance, idleness and squalor. The report suggested ways to improve quality of life and said government should take charge. It sold navy copies and helped build the NHS.
What did the Labour government promise at the end of WW2?
An election was held so the Labour Party promised to follow Bevridge’s advise and won the election easily. They destroyed back to back housing and created the national health service in 1948 to provide healthcare for everyone. A weekly family allowance payment for childcare was created and benefits for the very poor.
Who created the NHS and when?
Clement Attlee became prime minister in 1945 and agreed to create the welfare state. This created the NHS in 1948 by the minister of health Aneurin Bevan
What did the NHS do?
Brought together hospitals, doctors, nurses, pharmacists and opticians under one organization.
What were the benefits of the NHS?
Free for all
Paid for by taxes and national insurance
Provide from cradle to the grave
What went wrong with the NHS?
There was so much demand that it could not continue. In 1952, prescription charges were introduced.
Did doctors like the NHS?
Began had to work hard to convince doctors of the NHS as it was described as a curse on the country. People worried about cost and how it would stop voluntary efforts.
What was Bevan’s compromise with doctors?
He had to allow them to continue working privately and have NHS salaries. He said he had stuffed their mouths with gold.
Before the NHS how many people couldn’t afford to see a doctor?
8 million
How did the NHS increase life expectancy?
Life expectancy for women rose from 66 to 83 and for men from 64 to 79.
What problems does the NHS face today?
Long waiting lists
Doctors and nurses overworked
Money lacking
Why did the rich oppose the NHS?
Believed it would mean they had to pay more taxes for the poor.
How has the NHS been a success?
Life expectancy increased
Deaths decreased e.g from stroke has fallen from 35.4 to 34.6 %
Less deaths in childbirth
Lower infant mortality
Two vaccinations at start and now seven for children
Smoking number dropped
Budget dropped
Prescriptions now have to be paid for.
What are magic bullets?
Killed a specific bacteria but did not harm anything else like antibodies.
Who was Paul Ehrlich?
He was part of Koch’s research team and spent hours staining bacteria and observing the effects of the dye.
What did Ehrlich do?
Trying to treat syphilis in 1905. He experimented with arsenic based compounds and on their 606 variation found one that killed the bacteria and called it Slavarsan.
What was the problem with the first magic bullet?
It was difficult to use and could kill patient.
Who discovered penicillin ?
Alexander Fleming in 1928
What did Fleming do?
He looked at staphylococcus a highly resistant form of bacteria that had over 50 strains and caused a wide range of illness. He was studying this and left a Petri dish out when going on holiday. When he came back penicillin spire had flown in from a nearby lab and created mould on one of these dishes. Where the mould was no staphylococcus grew.
Why did penicillin not become widely used?
He never tested it on animals and humans so its properties were not discovered.
