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Lifespan Development PSYC 333 > Middle Adulthood > Flashcards

Middle Adulthood Flashcards

1
Q

physical changes

A
  • changes/declines in physical functions occur gradually through 40s and 50s
  • intellectual and creative peak
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2
Q

brain and nervous system

A
  • more synapes are lost than are formed
  • brain maturation
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3
Q

brain maturation: general rule

A
  • last areas of the brain that develop, are the first to decline
  • frontal lobes and parietal lobes
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4
Q

mental health

A
  • some report better mental health with increase in age
    -self-esteem generally peaks from 35-54
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5
Q

mental health: disorders

A
  • most addictive disorders begin in adolescence and young adulthood
  • frequently go undiagnosed until they become problematic in middle-adulthood
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6
Q

cognitive functioning

A
  • some cognitive abilities improve, others slow down
  • many adults have acquired knowledge + skills that compensate for losses
  • solve problems in area of expertise = more efficiently than young adults
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7
Q

Nancy Denney’s theory

A
  • proposes that changes with age follow a typical curve
  • unexercised skills: lower peak performance
  • exercised skills: higher peak in performance
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8
Q

selective optimization with compensation

A

process of balancing gains and losses associated with aging

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9
Q

memory function

A
  • major deficits in memory and cognition do not occur until 60-65
  • subjective experiences of forgetfulness increase with age
  • memory demands = higher in middle-aged people than younger adults
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10
Q

semantic memory

A
  • category of long-term memory
  • involves recollection of ideas, concepts, facts
  • supposedly does not slow with age
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11
Q

episodic memory

A
  • includes info about recent or past events and experiences
  • involves “where you parked your car” or “what you had for dinner last night”
  • supposedly slows with age
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12
Q

middle-aged adults’ ability with episodic memory

A
  • very proficient at overcoming limitations by using reminders and cues to help remember
  • believe efforts will make a difference
  • actively work to improve memory
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13
Q

expertise

A

helps to compensate for age-related deficits in cognitive functioning
- specialized skills and knowledge that pertain to a particular topic

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14
Q

experts are …

A

-automatic
- flexible
- intuitive
-straight
- strategic

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15
Q

novice

A

limited experiences with a particular task

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16
Q

intelligence

A

crystallized:
- use and application of learned knowledge and experience
fluid:
- the ability to process new information and develop and apply skills

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17
Q

tacit knowledge

A
  • pragmatic and practical knowledge learned through experience
  • increase with age
  • “know-how” or “professional instinct”
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18
Q

flow

A
  • mental state of being completely present and fully absorbed in a task
  • helps block out distractions
  • person is achieving great joy or intellectual satisfaction from accomplishing goal
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19
Q

new learning

A

outperform young adults on comprehension and remembering reading material
- younger adults focus on word-for-word
- middle-aged adults focus on themes and meaning, summarizing info

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20
Q

education

A
  • older student take longer to learn material, but forget less
  • have hardest time learning meaningless and unfamiliar information
  • task-oriented learners
  • want to organize activity around problem solving
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21
Q

creativity

A
  • best work around 40
  • among creatives, peak creativity may occur longer; last longer
  • have divergent thinking
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22
Q

divergent thinking

A

provides multiple solutions to problems that have no clear answers

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23
Q

why is middle adulthood a stressful period?

A

deal with shifting and evolving roles

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24
Q

Erikson’s generativity vs stagnation

A
  • find meaning in contributing to the development of society
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25
Q

generativity

A
  • feeling of making a contribution to society
  • cultures with high level of respect for older adults shows more generative acts
  • cultures with high level of respect for this pop have better life quality for older adults
  • fosters generativity in younger generations
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26
Q

Vaillant’s revision of Erikson’s theory

A
  • argues there is a stage following generativity: keeper of the meaning
  • M.A. focuses on preserving values that will benefit future generations
  • indigenous elders: life teacher stage
27
Q

childhood effects on generativity

A
  • adverse experience decreases likelihood of achieving generativity
  • resiliency
  • effective coping and emotional regulation helps
28
Q

resiliency

A

ability to bounce back
- maintaining healthy psychological and physical life function
- despite adversity, loss, trauma

29
Q

mid-life crisis

A
  • mid-way between birth and death
  • time since birth becomes time before death
  • realization of inevitable death
  • studies fail to identify specific age
30
Q

Whitbourne’s developmental pathways

A
  • meandering path
  • straight-narrow path
  • downward slope
  • triumphant trail
  • authentic path
31
Q

Whitbourne’s developmental pathways: meandering path

A
  • low sense of identity
  • uncommitted to goals
32
Q

Whitbourne’s developmental pathways: straight-narrow path

A
  • low risk
  • reliant on routine
33
Q

Whitbourne’s developmental pathways: downward slope

A
  • started off great
  • due to regrettable decisions in life, life has not been good
34
Q

Whitbourne’s developmental pathways: triumphant trail

A
  • started off bad
  • due to resiliency, life got better
35
Q

Whitbourne’s developmental pathways: authentic path

A
  • honest and continuous examination of life
  • leading to strong goals
36
Q

life events approach

A
  • theoretical perspective on MA
  • focuses on events and adults’ responses to them
  • role conflict
  • role strain
37
Q

role conflict

A

dealing with multiple, incompatible roles

38
Q

role strain

A

difficulties keeping up with demands of a specific role

39
Q

stressors in M.A.

A
  • “sandwich generation”
  • having children later in life = stress
  • millenials live with parents longer
40
Q

emptying the nest: feelings are shaped by ____

A
  • ethnocultural values
  • financial circumstances
  • living arrangements
  • relationship quality
41
Q

emptying the nest: age when the last child is born and longevity

A
  • increases likelihood of experiencing empty nest
  • role parent does not end, content does
42
Q

failure to launch

A
  • adult children remain at home longer
  • conflicts between parents and resident adult children are common
43
Q

failure to launch: reasons

A
  • delayed marriage
  • extended post-secondary education
  • rise in divorce
  • unemployment
44
Q

revolving door

A

return after living elsewhere independently

45
Q

grandparenting

A
  • 60% of M.A. become grandparents by the end of MA
  • important source of stability in homes of children with unstable homes
46
Q

styles of grandparenting

A
  1. compassionate relationships
    - frequent contact
    - warm interactions with grandchildren
  2. remote relationships
    - do not see grandchildren often
  3. involved relationships
    - directly involved in everyday care
    - close emotional ties
47
Q

friendships

A
  • social network is relatively small
  • relationships remain intimate
  • more friendships = better psychological well-being and health
48
Q

stressors

A

career
- involuntary career changes
- voluntary career changes
- involuntary non-mobility
planning for retirement

49
Q

burnout

A
  • lack of energy, exhaustion
  • results from chronic stress
50
Q

avoiding burnout

A
  • pacing
  • rely less on external sources of job satisfaction
  • work satisfaction usually at its peak
51
Q

job performance

A
  • selective optimization with compesnation helps maintain productivity
52
Q

job performance: slection

A
  • narrowing range of activties
  • focus only on most central tasks
  • delegate more responsibilities to others
  • give up/reduce peripheral job activities
53
Q

job performance: optimization

A

deliberate exercise of crucial abilities to remain on top

54
Q

job performance: compensation

A
  • pragmatic strategies for overcoming specific obstacles
  • devise way to reduce memory loads with systemic list making
55
Q

older employers and negative stereotypes

A

older employees who hold negative stereotyppes toward aging perform worse on a range of psychomotor, memory, physiological and social measures

56
Q

shift in work goal orientation

A
  • YA = more likely to have career growth goals
  • MA = more likely to aim for personal fulfillment, nature of work, job stability, financial security
57
Q

career change difficulties

A

employer tend to favour younger people as new employees

58
Q

involuntary career transition

A
  • when person is forced out of their position
  • increase in likelihood of suffering from mental health disorders and physical illness
  • employment reverses these trends
59
Q

voluntary career transition

A
  • leave one position to pursue another
  • variety of internal reasons
60
Q

types of voluntary career transitions

A

maintenance transitions
- switching companies, schools
advancement transitions
- staff to manager
new career transitions
- cook to hairdresser

61
Q

causes of career changes

A
  • genetics = possibility
  • product of personality
62
Q

involuntary non-mobility

A
  • worker remains in non-prefered work situation
  • perception of low employability, negatively impact well-being
  • associated with depressive symptoms and lower self-rating
63
Q

preparing for retirement

A
  • gradual reduction in workload
  • relatively new phenomenon
  • baby boomers seek bridge employment or work longer

Lifespan Development PSYC 333 (11 decks)

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