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Lifespan Development PSYC 333 > Early Adulthood > Flashcards

Early Adulthood Flashcards

1
Q

physical functioning

A

optimum physical and cogntive functioning = achieved in 20s and 30s

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2
Q

primary aging

A
  • age-related physical changes that have a biological basis
  • universally shared and unavoidable
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3
Q

secondary aging

A
  • age-related changes due to social and environmental influences (poor health habits, disease)
  • age interacts with other variables to influence health
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4
Q

determinants of health

A
  • socioeconomic factors (50%)
  • health care system (25%)
  • biology and genetics (15%)
  • physical environment (10%)
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5
Q

determinants of health: socioeconomic factors

A
  • culture
  • early childhood development
  • education
  • employment
  • emotional support
  • personal health behaviours
  • socioeconomic status
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6
Q

determinants of health: health care system

A
  • hospitals
  • hospitals and clinics
    -medical services
  • professionals
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7
Q

determinants of health: biology and genetics

A
  • organs
    -body systems
  • DNA
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8
Q

determinants of health: physical environment

A
  • adequate housing
  • safe work place/communities
  • clean air, water, and soil
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9
Q

brain and nervous system

A
  • new synapses continue to form
  • myelinization continues to happen
  • old connections start dying off
  • brain continues to mature
  • new peak in brain development
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10
Q

new peak in brain development characteristics

A
  • affect cognitive skills of response inhibition
  • may depend on ability of frontal lobes of brain to regulate limbic system
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11
Q

limbic system

A

regulates emotional responses

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12
Q

causes of mental health issues

A
  • period in which adults have the highest expectations and shifting roles
  • interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
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13
Q

causes of mental health issues: interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

A
  • tend to run in families
  • increasing disturbances in specific brain function
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14
Q

anxiety disorders

A
  • most common mental disorders
  • phobias, GAD, OCD, panic disorder
  • associated with intense prolonged fear, anxiety
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15
Q

mood disorders

A
  • second most common mental disorder
  • depression, bipolar, cyclothymic, etc.
  • mood disturbances
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16
Q

personality disorders

A
  • serious disturbances in cognitive, emotional, and social functioning that is not easily treated
  • a collection of personality characteristics can lead to distress, social, and occupational dysfunction
  • some improve, most remain problematic for life
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17
Q

to be diagnosed with a personality disorder

A
  • exhibit B since middle-late adolescence
  • demonstrate B consistently across most situations
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18
Q

cluster A of personality disorders

A

odd behaviour
- paranoid
- schizoid
- schizotypal

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19
Q

cluster B of personality disorders

A

erratic, overly dramatic behaviour
- narcissistic
- histrionic
- borderline
- antisocial

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20
Q

cluster C of personality disorders

A

anxious, fearful behaviour
- obsessive-compulsive
- avoidant
-dependent

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21
Q

interesting questions:
how would children with antisocial tendencies respond to the little Albert experiment?

A

create hypothesizes

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22
Q

interesting questions: what are the connections with social learning, imitation, and violent behaviour

A

create hypotheses

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23
Q

interesting questions: is modelling violent behaviour more straightforward than prosocial behaviour?

A

create hypotheses

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24
Q

validity of personality disorders

A
  • little is known about etiology
  • few seek treatment (ego-syntonic)
  • have childhood antecedents
  • stable across lifespan
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25
Q

schizophrenia

A

-disturbances of thought (confused thinking, delusions, hallucinations)
- may interfere with normal functioning
- positive and negative symptoms

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26
Q

ego-syntonic

A
  • feelings that are in harmony
  • few seek treatment
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27
Q

ego-dystonic

A
  • distressing feelings
  • most seek treatment
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28
Q

schizophrenia: confused thinking

A
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29
Q

schizophrenia: delusions

A
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30
Q

schizophrenia: hallucinations

A
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31
Q

schizophrenia: positive symptoms

A
  • delusions
  • hallucinations
  • disorganized behaviour and speech
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32
Q

schizophrenia: negative symptoms

A
  • anhedonia (lack of pleasure)
  • amotivation
  • flat effect
  • alogia (lack of speech productivity)
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33
Q

alcohol and substance abuse disorders: binge drinking

A
  • associated with variety of problems
  • rate of ____ increase
    1. unprotected sex
    2. physical injury
    3. driving while intoxicated
    4. trouble with the police
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34
Q

alcohol and substance abuse disorders: influences

A
  • how fast the effects of the drug are felt
  • how pleasurable the drug is in producing euphoria or extinguishing pain
  • how long the pleasurable the effects last
  • how much discomfort is experienced when stop using the drug
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35
Q

Piaget’s formal operations and beyond

A
  • theorists argue development does not stop here
  • post-formal thoughts
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36
Q

post-formal thoughts

A
  • types of thinking associated with hypothesized 5th stage of development
  • includes:
    1. relativism
    2. dialectical thought
    3. reflective judgment
37
Q

post-formal thoughts: relativism

A

idea that some propositions cannot be adequately described as true or false

38
Q

post-formal thoughts: dialectical thought

A

form of thought involving recognition and acceptance of uncertainty

39
Q

post-formal thoughts: reflective judgment

A

ability to identify assumptions of different perspectives on controversial issues

40
Q

intelligence

A
  • crystallized intelligence
  • fluid intelligence
41
Q

crystallized intelligence

A
  • depends heavily on education and experience
  • consists of skills and knowledge every adult learns while growing up
  • maintained throughout life
42
Q

fluid intelligence

A
  • involves basic abilities
  • depends on efficient functioning of the CNS
  • less specific on experience
  • declines throughout adulthood, starting around 40 years old
43
Q

post-secondary education

A
  • formal education post-secondary has become necessary
  • number of enrolled students has increased
  • there is a developmental impact
44
Q

developmental impact of post-secondary education

A
  • run the risk of becoming overqualified and underemployed
  • shortage of youth who possess the higher-level skills needed in sectors where there is in high job demand
45
Q

social connections

A

become much more complex through marriage, divorce, parenthood, career development

46
Q

Erikson’s intimacy vs isolation

A

intimacy:
- the capacity to engage in a supportive, affectionate relationship without losing one’s own sense of self
isolation
- incapable of forming relationships

47
Q

successful resolution

A

depends on good resolution of identity vs role confusion crisis encountered in adolescence

48
Q

Levinson’s life structure

A

-underlying pattern or design of a person’s life at a given time
- we go through periods of stability and instability
- includes roles, relationships, and behaviour patterns

49
Q

emerging adulthood is a ___ period

A

transitional

50
Q

era changes in partnerships

A
  • same-sex marriage
  • interracial unions
  • internet dating
51
Q

evolutionary theories

A
52
Q

social role theory

A
  • differences in mate preferences/mating B = adaptions to culturally defined roles
  • example:
53
Q

social assertive mating theory

A

tendency to mate with someone with similar traits

54
Q

socio-cognitive attraction

A
  • Are we attracted to people who are similar to us
    or
  • Are we attracted to people who have traits we desire for ourselves
55
Q

halo effect

A
  • sociocognitive bias
    -we assign positive attributes to a person based on a single trait that we deem positive
56
Q

horns effect

A
  • sociocognitive bias
  • we assign negative attributes to a person based on a single trait we deem negative
57
Q

quality of relationships: influences

A
  • attachment style
  • attitudes toward certain issues
  • conflict management
  • each partner brings skills, resources, traits
  • love
  • personality
58
Q

adult attachment style

A

-secure
- anxious-preoccupied
- dismissive-avoidant
- fearful

59
Q

adult attachment style: secure

A
  • typically comfortable in their relationships
  • find no issue with commitment
  • trust their partners
60
Q

adult attachment style: anxious-preoccupied

A
  • exhibit forms of separation anxiety
  • can exhibit low self-esteem
  • can become overdependent on their partners
  • can push partners away because of insecurities
61
Q

adult attachment style: dismissive-avoidant

A
  • can be guarded
  • exhibit lack of trust towards potential partners
  • show no interest in forming close relationships
62
Q

adult attachment style: fearful (disorganized)

A
  • typically demonstrate inconsistent and fluctuating feelings about intimacy
  • might desire close intimate relationships
  • may become avoidant with partner
63
Q

Sternberg’s theory of love components

A

-commitment
- intimacy
- passion

64
Q

Sternberg subvarieties of love

A
  • consumate (all 3)
  • companionate (intimacy and commitment)
  • fatuous (passion and commitment)
  • romantic (intimacy and passion)
  • empty love (commitment)
  • liking (intimacy)
  • infatuation (passion)
65
Q

conflict resolution

A

good predictor of how successful relationship will be

66
Q

successful conflict resolution

A
  • validating
  • volatile
  • conflict avoidant
67
Q

validating conflict resolution

A
  • partners support each other
  • try to find a compromise
68
Q

volatile conflict resolution

A
  • partners are outspoken and honest
  • can often get into arguments
  • use strategies to diffuse (humour)
  • typically have more positive experiences than negative
69
Q

conflict avoidant conflict resolution

A
  • understand they can “agree to disagree”
  • do not actively engage in disagreements
70
Q

unsuccessful conflict resolution

A
  • hostile-engaged
  • hostile-detached
71
Q

hostile-engaged conflict resolution

A
  • partners exhibit high levels of defensiveness and competitiveness to win arguments
  • can hold grudges
  • can extend disagreements for a long time
72
Q

hostile-detached conflict resolution

A

-emotionally detached
- have increasing levels of negativity
- typically withhold information
- can show signs of passive-aggressiveness

73
Q

divorce psychological effects

A
  • increase in mental health problems, especially depression
  • compared to those who stay married
74
Q

cohabitation

A
  • divorce rate for those who cohabit before marriage = 2x higher than those who did not
75
Q

LGBTQ+ partnerships

A
  • 1/3 same-sex = married
  • 2/3 = common-law
  • LGBTQ+ partners tend to be more dependent on each other for support
76
Q

singlehood

A
  • many singles still have intimate relationships
  • once they determine they expect to stay single, self-affirmation may protect singles from some of the negative aspects
77
Q

transition to parenthood

A
  • new parents may argue about child-rearing and chores
  • usually very tired
  • some cultures have ritualized rites of passage that help new parents cope
78
Q

post-partum depression

A
  • severe mood disturbance resulting in feelings of sadness
  • can last weeks, months, years
  • hormones play a role
  • greatest predictor of PPD: depression during pregnancy
  • 10%-15% new mothers experience this
79
Q

developmental impact of parenthood

A
  • positive B changes
  • marital satisfaction declines:
    1. peaks before birth of 1st child
    2. decrease after birth, remains at lower level
    3. increase after last child leaves home
80
Q

achieving balance between work and family

A
  • an important but elusive goal
  • affects satisfaction
  • pre-existing successful conflict resolution strategies help
  • having both parents in the home = less dissatisfaction
81
Q

life without children

A
  • marital satisfaction fluctuates less over time for childless couples
  • report higher cohesion than couples with children
82
Q

social networks

A
  • family
  • friends
83
Q

social networks: family

A
  • parents remain significant parts in young adult’s life
  • relationship = strongly influenced by proximity
  • family connectedness over time = strong cultural influences
84
Q

social networks: friends

A
  • chosen among those we see like ourselves
  • education, social class, interests, family background, family life cycle stage
85
Q

worker role

A
  • most need to support themselves financially
  • satisfying work = important for mental health
  • in women and men
86
Q

choosing occupation (family influence)

A
  • generally is an occupation with same social class as parents (less true today though)
  • value system
  • moral beliefs influence willingness
87
Q

job satisfaction

A
  • lowest in early early adulthood
  • increases steadily until retirement
  • personality traits affect job satisfaction
  • more prepared for job = better satisfied
88
Q

Hazan and Shaver findings

A

adults who were secure in their romantic relationships were more likely to recall their childhood relationships with parents as being affectionate, caring, and accepting

Lifespan Development PSYC 333 (11 decks)

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