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PL3103: Cognitive Psychology > Mid Terms > Flashcards

Mid Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

What does cognitive psychology do?

A

Studies the processes involved in acquiring, storing and transforming information.

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2
Q

What is mental representation?

A

Code used to acquire, store and transform information.

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3
Q

What is introspection?

A

A careful examination and description of one’s own inner mental thoughts and states.

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4
Q

What is behaviourism?

A

An approach to psychology that emphasises a rigorous experimental approach and the role of conditioning in learning.

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5
Q

What is bottom-up processing?

A

Processing that is determined directly by environmental stimuli rather than the individual’s knowledge and expectations.

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6
Q

What is serial processing?

A

Involves only one process occurring at any given moment; that process is completed before the next one starts.

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7
Q

What is parallel processing?

A

Two or more processes occurring simultaneously.

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8
Q

What is top-down processing?

A

Stimulus processing that is determined by expectations, memory and knowledge rather than directly by the stimulus.

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9
Q

What is the Stroop Effect?

A

The finding that naming the colours in which words are printed with a conflicting colour takes longer.

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10
Q

What is ecological validity?

A

The extend to which research findings (especially laboratory ones) can be generalised to the real world.

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11
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience?

A

An approach that aims to understand human cognition by combining information from brain activity and behaviour.

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12
Q

What is the hippocampus?

A

Subcortical structure particularly important for memory encoding and spatial knowledge.

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13
Q

What is the amygdala?

A

Subcortical structure particularly important for the detection of danger and other emotion arousing stimuli.

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14
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

Subcortical structure involved in regulating the state of consciousness of the brain.

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15
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

Structure at the back of the brain involved in motor control and fluent running of cognitive processes.

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16
Q

What is fMRI?

A

Functional magnetic resonance imaging is a brain-imagine technique based on blood oxygenation using an MRI scanner; it has very good spatial resolution and reasonable temporal resolution.

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17
Q

What is Event Related Potential?

A

The pattern of EEG activity obtained by averaging the brain responses to the same stimulus (or similar stimuli) presented repeatedly.

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18
Q

What is functional specialisation?

A

The assumption (only partially correct) that cognitive functions occur in specific brain regions.

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19
Q

What is a lesion?

A

A structural alteration within the brain caused by disease or injury.

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20
Q

What is modularity?

A

The assumption that the cognitive system consists of several fairly independent or separate modules or processors, each of which is specialised for a given type of processing.

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21
Q

What is dissociation?

A

As applied to brain-damaged patients, intact performance on one task but severely impaired performance on a different task.

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22
Q

What is double dissociation?

A

The finding that some individuals have intact performance on one task but poor performance on another task, whereas other individuals exhibit the opposite pattern.

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23
Q

What is computational modelling?

A

Involves constructing computer programs that will simulate or mimic some aspects of human cognitive functioning.

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24
Q

What is meta-analysis?

A

A form of statistical analysis based on combining the findings from numerous studies on a given issue.

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25
Q

What is sensation?

A

The intake of information by means of receptors and the translation of this information into signals that the brain can process as images, sounds, smells, tastes and so on.

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26
Q

What is perception?

A

The interpretation and understanding of sensations.

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27
Q

What is illusion?

A

Situation in which a person perceives something other than what is physically presented. This allows researchers to investigate the processes involved in perception.

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28
Q

What is the Law of Pragnanz?

A

The notion that the simplest possible organisation of the visual environment is what is perceived; proposed by Gestalt psychologists.

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29
Q

What is figure-ground segregation?

A

The division of the visual environment into a figure (having a distinct form) and the ground (lacking a distinct form); the contour between the figure and the ground appears to belong to the figure, which stands out from the ground.

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30
Q

What is Pattern Recognition?

A

The identification of two dimensional patterns by matching the input to category information stored in memory; pattern recognition is an essential step in object recognition.

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31
Q

What is the Object Superiority Effect?

A

The finding that a feature is easier to process when it is part of meaningful object than when it is part of an unknown form.

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32
Q

What is a geon?

A

Basic shapes or components that are combined in object recognition.

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33
Q

What is repetition priming?

A

The finding that stimuli are processed more efficiently the second time they are encountered rather than the first time.

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34
Q

What is visual agnosia?

A

A condition in which there are great problems in recognising visual objects even though visual sensations still reach the brain and the person still possesses much knowledge about the object.

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35
Q

What is apperceptive agnosia?

A

A form of visual agnosia in which there is impaired perceptual analysis of familiar objects.

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36
Q

What is holistic processing?

A

Processing that involves integrating information from an entire object (especially faces).

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37
Q

What is the part-whole effect?

A

The finding that a face part is recognised more easily when presented in the context of the whole face rather than on its own.

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38
Q

What is the composite face illusion?

A

The finding that the top half of a face looks different when combined with bottom halves of other faces.

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39
Q

What is prosopagnosia?

A

A condition of severe impairment in face recognition with little or no impairment of object recognition.

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40
Q

What is inattentional blindness?

A

The observation that we often fail to notice important objects and events, especially when we are focused on something else.

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41
Q

What is change blindness?

A

The failure to detect that a visual stimulus has moved, changed or been replaced by other stimulus.

42
Q

What is subliminal perception?

A

Perceptual processing occurring below the level of conscious awareness that can nevertheless influence behaviour.

43
Q

What is consciousness?

A

Information of which we are aware at any given moment; associated with perceiving the environment, thinking about events and issues not related to the here-and-now. understanding what other people are thinking and controlling our actions.

44
Q

What is selective attention?

A

A situation where individuals try to attend to only one source of information while ignoring other stimuli.

45
Q

What is divided attention?

A

A situation where two tasks are performed at the same time; multitasking.

46
Q

What is shadowing?

A

Repeating word for word one auditory message as it is presented while a second auditory message is also presented.

47
Q

What is covert attention?

A

Attention to an object in the absence of an eye movement toward it.

48
Q

What is split attention?

A

Allocation of attention to two or more non-adjacent regions of visual space.

49
Q

What is neglect?

A

A disorder of visual attention in which stimuli presented to the side opposite of the brain damage are undetected.

50
Q

What is the rubber-hand illusion?

A

Misperception that a rubber hand is one’s own; occurs when the visible rubber hand is touched at the same time as the individual’s own hidden hand.

51
Q

What is demand characteristic?

A

Possibility that participants form an interpretation of the purpose of the experiment and change their behaviour to fit that interpretation.

52
Q

What is controlled process?

A

Processes of limited capacity that require attention and can be used flexibly in changing conditions; serial processing is involved.

53
Q

What is automatic process?

A

Process that have no capacity limitations, don’t require attention and are very hard to modify once learned, involve parallel processing and usually require extensive practice to acquire.

54
Q

What is PRP?

A

Psychological refractory period is the slowing of the response to the second of two stimuli when they are presented close together in time.

55
Q

What is memory span?

A

The number of items that an individual can recall immediately in the correct order; measure of the capacity of short-term memory.

56
Q

What is chunks?

A

Stored units formed from integrating smaller pieces of information.

57
Q

What is the phonological similarly effect?

A

The finding that immediate recall of word lists in the correct order is impaired when the words sound similar to each other.

58
Q

What is recall?

A

Retrieving information from long-term memory in the presence or absence of cues.

59
Q

What is working memory?

A

A system that can store information briefly while other information is processed.

60
Q

What is central executive?

A

Most important component of working memory; involved in planning and the control of attention and has limited capacity.

61
Q

What is phonological loop?

A

Component of working memory where speech-based information is processed and stored briefly.

62
Q

What is visuospatial sketchpad?

A

Component of working memory that is used to process visual and spatial information and to store this information briefly.

63
Q

What is episodic buffer?

A

Component of working memory that is used to integrate and to store briefly information from the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad and long-term memory.

64
Q

What is dysexecutive syndrome?

A

A condition in which damage to the frontal lobes causes impaired functioning of the central executive involving deficits in organising and planning behaviour.

65
Q

What is reading span?

A

The greatest number of sentences read for comprehension for which an individual can recall all the final words more than 50% of the time.

66
Q

What is operation span?

A

Maximum number of items (arithmetical questions + words) for which an individual can recall all the last words.

67
Q

What is implicit learning?

A

A form of learning producing long-term memory in which there is no conscious awareness of what has been learned.

68
Q

What is explicit learning?

A

A form of learning producing long-term memory which involves conscious awareness of what has been learned.

69
Q

What is serial reaction time task?

A

Used to study implicit learning. Sequence consists of a complex sequence, but unknown to participants, is repeated over and over.

70
Q

What is levels of processing theory?

A

Assumption that learning and long-term memory will be better the more deeply the meaning of the stimulus is processed.

71
Q

What is self-reference effect?

A

Enhanced long-term memory for information if it is related to the self at the time of learning.

72
Q

What is recognition memory?

A

Deciding whether a given stimulus was encountered previously in a particular context.

73
Q

What is transfer-appropriate processing?

A

Notion that long-term memory will be the greatest when the processing at the time of retrieval is very similar to the processing at the time of learning.

74
Q

What is encoding specificity principle?

A

Notion that retrieval depends on the overlap between the information available at retrieval and information within the memory trace. Memory is best when overlap is high.

75
Q

What is distinctiveness?

A

Characterises memory traces that are distinct or different from other memory traces in long-term memory; leads to enhanced memory.

76
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

Memory that involves conscious recollection of information.

77
Q

What is non-declarative memory?

A

Memory that doesn’t require conscious recollection information.

78
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

A form of declarative memory consisting of general knowledge about the world, concepts etc

79
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

A form of declarative memory concerned with personal experiences or episodes occurring in a given place at a given time.

80
Q

What is amnesia?

A

A condition caused by brain damage in which there are serious impairments of long-term memory (especially episodic and autobiographical memory)

81
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Impaired ability of amnesic patients to remember information and events before the onset of amnesia.

82
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Impaired ability of amnesic patients to learn and remember information acquired after the onset of amnesia.

83
Q

What is proactive interference?

A

Disruption of memory by previous learning.

84
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

Disruption of memory for what was learned originally by other learning or processing during the retention interval.

85
Q

What is consolidation?

A

A physiological process involved in establishing long-term memories; this process lasts several hours or more, and newly formed memories that are still being consolidated are fragile.

86
Q

What is reconsolidation?

A

New consolidation process that occurs when previously formed memory trace is reactivated; allows that memory trace to be updated.

87
Q

What is a concept?

A

A mental representation of a category of objects; stored in long-term memory.

88
Q

What is a category?

A

A set or class of objects that belong together.

89
Q

What is fuzzy boundary?

A

Zone of gradual transition that exists between many categories, meaning that for most concepts, it is impossible to define them by means of a list of essential features.

90
Q

What is a prototype?

A

A central description or conceptual core incorporating the major features of a category.

91
Q

What is typicality effect?

A

Finding that the time taken to decide that a category member belongs to a category is less for more typical than for less typical members.

92
Q

What is embodied cognition?

A

The hypothesis that the meaning of concepts depends on the physical interactions of our body with the surrounding world.

93
Q

What is word-association task?

A

Task in which participants are asked to mention the first word that come to mind upon seeing a target word; used to determine the semantic relatedness between words.

94
Q

What is proposition?

A

A configuration of concepts based on a limited number of combination rules; results in a true or false statement.

95
Q

What is schema?

A

A set of related propositions; stored in semantic memory; facilitate perception and language comprehension and allow us to form expectations.

96
Q

What is saying is believing effect?

A

Tailoring a message about an event to suit a given audience causes subsequent inaccuracies in memory for that event.

97
Q

What is autobiographical memory?

A

A form of declarative memory involving memory for personal events across the lifespan.

98
Q

What is flashbulb memory?

A

Vivid memories of dramatic and significant events.

99
Q

What is post event misinformation effect?

A

The distorting effect on eyewitness memory of misleading information provided after the event.

100
Q

What is unconscious transference?

A

The tendency of eyewitnesses to misidentify a familiar face as belonging to the person responsible for a crime.

101
Q

What is own age bias?

A

Tendency for witnesses to identify the culprit more often when he is of similar age to the witness.

102
Q
A

PL3103: Cognitive Psychology (12 decks)

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