L5: Learning and Long-Term Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is Explicit Learning?

A

Conscious, intentional learning of new information

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2
Q

What is Implicit Learning?

A

When you learn something without trying to learn or being aware that learning has taken place

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3
Q

Characteristics of Implicit Learning

A

Robustness, Age and IQ Independence, Low Variability (in terms of individual differences), common to most species

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4
Q

Which parts of the brain are in charge of EL and IL?

A

EL -> Hippocampus
IL -> Striatum
Damage in either shows double dissociation

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5
Q

What are the levels of processing?

A

Structural Processing (Appearance) -> Phonemic Processing (Sound) -> Semantic Processing (Meaning)

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6
Q

What is the Survival Processing Effect?

A

Finding that the items processed for their survival relevance are remembered better than other encoding strategies

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7
Q

What is Transfer-Appropriate Processing

A

How well you remember depends on the match between the way the information is encoded and the way the information is tested

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8
Q

How does the retention compare after one week for 1. Repeated Study 2. Single Test 3. Repeated Test

A

Repeated Test > Single Test > Repeated Study

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9
Q

Is Short Answer or MCQ better fostering long-term retention?

A

Short Answer

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10
Q

What kind of memory does declarative memory hold?

A

Semantic, Episodic and Autobiographical memory

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11
Q

What kind of memory does non-declarative memory hold?

A

Procedural and other implicit memory

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12
Q

Declarative vs Non-Declarative Memory

A

Declarative memory is conscious while non-declarative memory is unconscious

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13
Q

What is Episodic Memory

A

Storage and retrieval of specific events at a particular place and a particular time

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14
Q

Is Episodic Memory constructive?

A

Yes

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15
Q

Recollection vs Familiarity

A

Specific details vs no specific details

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16
Q

What is Semantic Memory

A

Stores the general knowledge about the world and is context-free (cannot associate memory with specific event)

17
Q

What is Procedural Memory

A

Motor skills (amnesia patients unaffected)

18
Q

What is Perceptual Representation System?

A

Helps perceive and mentally represent sensory information from the environment

19
Q

What is amnesia?

A

Long-term memory problems esp. episodic & autobiographical

20
Q

Retrograde vs. Anterograde amnesia

A

Retrograde: Inability to recall memories of events that occured before the onset of amnesia

Anterograde: Inability to form new memories or retain information after the onset of amnesia

21
Q

Is non-declarative memory impaired by amnesia?

A

No, performance on implicit learning tasks remain good and amnesics can drive

22
Q

What is forgetting?

A

Cases where the material is available in memory (encoded and stored) but for some reason cannot be retrieved

23
Q

What is the shape of the forgetting curve

A

Logarithmic -> very steep at the start, plateaus

24
Q

Retrieval Problems mechanisms

A
  • Decrease in activation
  • Suitable cues not used
  • Interference from stronger memory traces
25
Encoding Specificity Principle
The probability of successfully retrieving a memory is a function of the overlap between the information present at retrieval and the information stored in memory
26
State Dependent Memory
Memory is better when there is a match between state at encoding and state at retrieval
27
Interference
Our ability to remember is disrupted by what we learned earlier (proactive interference) and what we learn after (retroactive interference)
28
Consolidation
Process that fixes long-term memory over time
29
Reconsolidation
Initial Experience: A fearful experience while public speaking gets consolidated over time. Memory Reactivation: Have to give another presentation and thinking about it reactivates the fear memory Destabilisation: The reactivation makes the memory temporarily susceptible to change Intervention: Manages to present very calmly Reconsolidation: The modified memory with reduced fear gets re-stabilised in long term storage Outcome: Fear of public speaking is reduced
30
Hindsight Bias
Tendency to exaggerate how accurately they would have predicted some event in advance after they know what actually happened
31