mid term study

Question 1

Define agency

Answer 1

Agency is when the individual is looked at and the way they engage with the media text.

Question 2

Define structure

Answer 2

This is when things outwith the individual have more power over interpretation than factors specific to the individual.

Question 3

Apply Uses and Gratifications Theory to an example of contemporary media.

Answer 3

Using social media to fulfil their entertainment needs or self-reassurance needs

Question 4

How is UGT different from other media effects paradigms?

Answer 4

UGT is different as it holds the audiences are responsible for choosing media to meet their desires and needs to achieve gratification.

Question 5

8 main reasons for media consumption

Answer 5

1) Cognitive Needs
2) Affective Needs
3) Personal Integrative Needs
4 Social Integrative Needs
5)Tension Release Needs

Question 6

Implications of theory of U&G

Answer 6

If you ask audiences why they watch certain programmes they may make up a justified reason for why they have, rather than just saying there was no reason. People may feel like they have to give a reason.

It overlooks the fact that people consume media differently.

Question 7

Critiques of the concept of U&G

Answer 7

Relied heavily on self-reports – self-reports, however, are based on personal memory which can be problematic

There is relatively little attention paid to media content

Question 8

What are parasocial relationships?

Answer 8

Relationships we think we have with made-up characters and believe we would be friends with. E.g. people really resonating with harry potter.

Question 9

example of agency

Answer 9

watching sports with your friends even though you do not like sports, as it means you can build a better friendship with them

Question 10

example of structure

Answer 10

When media texts, such as magazines are thought to shape or ‘structure’ the meaning to an individual

Question 11

Define Cognitive Needs

Answer 11

Needs which are related to learning information, such as using a DIY video to help you build something.

Question 12

Define Affective Needs

Answer 12

Needs related to emotion, watching the notebook to have a good cry

Question 13

Define Personal Integrative Needs

Answer 13

Needs are related to status and credibility, you watch CNN to get information to look knowledgable

Question 14

Define Tension Release Needs

Answer 14

Needs related to pure entertainment and stress release, using TikTok to forget about life.

Question 15

Define Social Integrative Needs

Answer 15

Needs are related to building relationships, such as watching football even if you do not like it, in order to build a friendship with someone.

Question 16

What is agenda setting?

Answer 16

Agenda setting is when the news media has influential power to place the importance of topics on the public agenda.

Question 17

Key concepts of agenda setting?

Answer 17

Framing and Priming.

Question 18

Key similarities between Agenda Setting and Cultivation Theory?

Answer 18

Both explain an audience’s processing of messages leading to accumulative effects across time.

Question 19

Key differences between Agenda Setting and Cultivation Theory?

Answer 19

Agenda setting tells people what to think and Cultivation theory tells people how to think.

Question 20

Identify examples of Agenda Setting in contemporary media practice.

Answer 20

When covid started it is everywhere on the news because it has importance to everyone.

Question 21

What is framing? Give examples.

Apply the concepts to real world data and examples.

Answer 21

Framing is when information is presented to an audience to influence the choices they make about how to process the information.

A real-life example of framing would be political news stations, they frame their information in a way that is suited to their viewers, this would be contrasting to different stations.

Question 22

What is priming? Give examples.

Apply the concepts to realworld data and examples.

Answer 22

Priming happens when news media suggests to audiences ways and specific issues that should be used to evaluate the performance of leaders and governments.

E.g., when news is flashing on the tv is more prominent and is more likely to be seen than the less prominent news that comes in afterwards

Question 23

Difference between framing and agenda setting.

Answer 23

Framing effect is more concerned with audience attention to news messages, while agenda setting is more concerned with repeated exposure to messages.

Agenda-setting is about accessibility effects; whereas framing effects is one of applicability.

Question 24

Agenda-setting is an ­­­­­_______ effect.

Answer 24

accessibility

Question 25

Framing is an ­­­­­_______ effect

Answer 25

applicability

Question 26

Understand critiques of framing.

Question 27

Understand critiques of priming.

Answer 27

It can be used to establish false or distorted reality.

People are influenced unknowingly.

Priming can even affect the voting patterns of people in elections or establish opinions on any issue.

Priming degrades with time.

Question 28

Understand critiques of agenda-setting.

Answer 28

Agenda setting is hard to measure.

With social media everyone can find news they’re looking for instead of being constrained by just relying on one or two sources, it’s harder to convince others that the mass media is setting the agenda.

Question 29

Two main difficulties and limitations of Media Effects Theory.

Answer 29

The audience is not differentiated.

The content is not contextualized.

Question 30

What is the basic hypothesis agenda-setting theory? Over time, the ___________ agenda shapes the __________ agenda.

Answer 30

media –> public

Question 31

Types of non-verbal communication

Answer 31

Kinesics
Haptics 
Physical Appearance
Olfactics 
Artifacts 
Proxemics 
Chronemics 
Paralanguage

Question 32

What is Kinesics?

Answer 32

Kinesics refers to body position and body motions and the meanings of those movements and positions.

Question 33

What is Haptics?

Answer 33

Haptics refers to touch as a form of non-verbal communication.

Question 34

What is Physical Appearance?

Answer 34

Physical Appearance can itself be a form of Non-Verbal Communication. The way we look can both consciously and unconsciously communicate who we are.

Question 35

What is Olfactics?

Answer 35

Olfactics refers to smell as a form of communication.

Question 36

What is Artifacts?

Answer 36

We use objects (artifacts) to communicate non-verbally.

E.g. clothing

Question 37

What is Proxemics?

Answer 37

Proxemics is how we use proximity to communicate.
E.g. For example, consider what would be a comfortable space between yourself and the next person in line at a fast food restaurant. Now consider how close you may stand to someone you know at a party.

Question 38

What is Chronemics?

Answer 38

Chronemics refers to the use of time to define identities, status and interaction.

An easy example of Chronemics is the difference between arrival times if you are the job interviewee or the job interviewer. For most of us, if we were the interviewee, we would arrive for the appointment 10–15 minutes early. However, if we were conducting the interview, we would likely arrive at the time of the appointment, or we might even be a few minutes late.

Question 39

What is Paralanguage?

Answer 39

Paralanguage includes all the different sounds that we make vocally, but that are not words.