Mid-Term Review Flashcards
What are the four goals of psychology?
Describe
Explain
Predict
Control
If you have a person that is schizophrenic what type of psychologist is that?
Clinical
What’s the difference between Clinical vs. Counseling Psychology
The Severity
What does an educational psychologist do?
Study the School
If you are a school psychologist you study the..
individual
Father of Pyschology
Wilhelm Wundt
The Science of behavior and mental processes
Psychology
Basic vs. Applied Reserach
Basic Research → builds psychology’s knowledge base
Applied research → tackling practical problems
explains with principles that organize observations and predict behaviors or events.
Theory
Test and reject or revise our theory, requires research
Hypotheses
Theories can _____ observation
bias
To check for biases, psychologists report their research with these definitions.
Operational Definitions
Modern Perspectives:
Unconscious determinants of behavior (ID, Ego & Superego)
Pscychoanlysis
Modern Perspectives: Stimulus & Response
Behavioral
Modern Perspectives: Nervous system & Endocrine System
Biolgoical
Modern Perspectives: Focuses on the thinking in between a stimulus and response
Cognitive
Modern Perspectives: Subjective Experience
Humanistic or Phenomenology
Who invited Structuralism & Functionalism?
Tichener
focused on how mental processes enable us to adapt and survive.
Functionalism
Used introspection to define the mind’s make-up
Structuralism
The fact that neurons fire down the complete length of the cell if a sufficient level of excitatory impulses are received
All-or-none
Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons.
Neutransmitters
What generates action potential?
Threshold
Two functions of Acetylochline
Muscle Contraction
Memory
If you have too much Dopamine you become______ and if you too little you get ____
schizophrenic; Parkinsons
Which neurotransmitters regulate mood?
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Neurons that carry incoming info from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord
Sensory neuron
Neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands
Motor Neurons
Neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.
Interneurons
Junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cel body of the receiving neuron.
Synapse
If a person is split brain you split what?
The Corpus Callosum
Language and function is found where?
Left Hemisphere
Phineas gage had a damaged what?
Frontal Lobe
White matter is
Myelinated
Gray matter is
unmyelinated
______ are controlled at the level of the spinal cord
Reflexes
Concerned with the links between biology and behavior.
Biological Perspective
A neuron’s busy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body
Dendrites
Level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
Threshold
An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweeps across the brain’s surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.
EEG
A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
PET Scan
A technique that uses magnetic field and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. They show the brains anatomy
MRI Scan
Myelination stops after the age of
24
At rest the inside of the neuron is ____ in relation to the outside
Negative
Where does motor control reside?
Frontal Lobe
Where does vision reside?
Occipital lobe
Where does hearing reside?
Temporal Lobe
_____ Lobe is the sense of touch
Parietal
What is the third neuron called?
Interneuron
Example of two neuron Reflex Arc
Knee Jerk
Example of Three Neuron Reflex Arc
Pain from a Hot Stove
Somantic NS is Voluntary or involuntary
Voluntary
Autonomic NS is Voluntary or involuntary
involuntary
Hemispheric Specialization:
What’s on the left side?
Language, Logic, Math, Control of Right Side
Hemispheric Specialization:
What’s on the right side?
Simple Abilities, Art and Music, Control of Left Side
changes that occur on a 24 hour basis
Circadian rhythm
Name the disorder: You sleep walk and sleep talk
Sommambulance
Waves in Sleep: Stage 1-2 are ____ and 3-4 ____
Theta; Dela (3-4)
Things we are not normally aware of, but can bring to consciousness at will (Like breathing when we are choking)
preconscious
Things we are not aware of?
Unconscious
Hypnogogic sensation happens in which stage of sleep?
Stage 1
REM Sleep, looks like the person is awake is called….
Paradoxical Sleep
As you get older the need for sleep _____
decreases
An elderly person sleeps about __ hours
4
The diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect.
Tolerance
a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued.
Physical Dependence
a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions.
Psychological Dependence
The discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an active drug.
Withdrawal
Altered state of Euphoria is what
Good Feeling
Alchohol + Xanex (also a Tranquilizer) are
Depressants
Caffeine + Cocaine are
Stimulants
Cocaine increases
Dopamine
opiates ____ activity of CNS and work like ____
Decrease; depressants
Hallucinognes are not ______ so you use less of the drugs to get the effect
Tolerant
Freud said dreaming is for
wish Fulfillment
the underlying meaning of a dream
Latent
The remembered story line of a dream
Manifest
Hypnosis Involves
Increased Suggesibility
What can be said about memories that are retrieved via hypnosis?
Inaccurate because they are susceptible to suggestion
Danger of taking sleeping pills and alcohol at the same time
Amplification
The process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior.
Learning
Classical Conditioning is for
Involuntary Behaviors
Operant Conditioning is for
Voluntary Behaviors
When it comes to curing phobias this Technique involves the creation of a fear hierarchy and extinction through relaxation exercises.
Systematic Desensitization
What causes an operant behavior to continue?
Reinforcers
Behavior that operates on the environment to produce rewarding or punishing stimuli
Operant Behvaior
the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
Discrimination
the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.
Generalization
Learning that is not immediately reflected in a behavior change
Latent Learning
a learned mental image of a spatial environment that may be called on to solve problems when stimuli in the environment change
Cognitive Maps
a view of learning that emphasizes the ability to learn by observing a model or receiving instructions, without firsthand experience by the learned (Albert Bandura)
Social Learning
reinforcement after a fixed number of responses
Fixed Ratio (FR)
reinforcement after a fixed amount of time has passed
Fixed Interval (FI)
procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
Behavior Shaping
What do positive reinforces and negative reinforcers have in common?
They both increase behavior
Types of LTM: facts and information
Semantic
Types of LTM: personal information
Episodic
Types of LTM: memory changes associated with recollection
Reconstructive Memory
Types of LTM: emotional memories that take you back to place and time.
Flashbulb
Types of Mnemonics
Peg-word; chunking; unique associations
Three stages of Memory
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
Problem with encoding
Learning Disability
Problem with storage
Organic Brain Disorder (Alzheimers)
Forgetting in Short Term memory is
Normal
Ebbinghaus experiment shows that tests of recognition and time spent relearning demonstrate that we _____ the more more we _____
remember and recall
SQ3R
Survey Question Read Retrieve Review
A physical stimulus is being converted into a neural impulse.
Encoding
Memory is Stored all over. There is not one depository for memory
Storage
STM Capacity
7 + - 2
LTM Capacity is
Unlimited
An increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
Long Term Potentiation
lack of Recalling memories is possibly due to lack of retrieval ____
cues
____is crucial in memory transfer and consolidation
Hippcampus
This part of the brain deals with experiences of emotion
Amygdala
This type of memory does not require conscience thought
Implicit Memory
This type of memory can be declared with words
Explicit Memory
An inability to form new memories
Anterograde Amnesia
An inability to retrieve information from one’s past
Retrograde Amenesia
Visual Memory is called an
Icon
Auditory memoroy is called an
ECHO
Iconic Memory is extremely good during ____
chilhood
People with photographic memory have ____ memory
Eidetic
As you get older you move to ____ Memory
Echoic (Because you have language)q
An object/people of best fit
Prototype
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people
Concept
basic sounds of a language
Phoneme
grouping words to give correct meaning
Syntax
All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating
Cognition
IQ Testing was first attempted by
Sir Francis Galton
One’s accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age. (Like what you learn during school)
Crystallized Intelligence
one’s ability to reason speedily and abstractly: Tends to decrease during late adulthood.
Fluid Intelligence
5 Ways in which we do research in pyschology
Naturalistic Observation
Case Study
Experiment
Correlation Study
