Chapter 4 Test Flashcards
What is the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors?
Learning
What is learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli or a response and its consequence.
Associative Learning
Who is associated with Classical Conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
Who coined the term behaviorism?
John B. Watson
What is a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.
Classical Conditioning
What is the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses?
Generalization
In Classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal and unconditioned stimulus.
Discrimination
What is Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.
Law of effect
An event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows.
Punishment
A condition of apathy or helplessness created experimentally by subjecting an organism to avoidable trauma.
Learned Helplesness
How do you induce extinction?
You remove the Unconditioned Stimulus (Classical Conditioning)
The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.
Spontaneous Recovery
What causes an operant behavior to continue?
Consequences
Who was associated with operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
a learned mental image of a spatial environment that may be called on to solve problems when stimuli in the environment change
Cognitive Map
In a classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally- naturally and automatically- triggers a response
Unconditioned Stimulus
In classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned Response
In Classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned response, comes to trigger a conditioned response.
Conditioned Stimulus
In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
Conditioned Response
A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced
Reinforcement Schedule
Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
Continuous Reinforcement
Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcemnt
Partial Reinforcement
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.
Fixed-Ratio Schedule
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.
Variable-Ratio Schedule
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.
Fixed-Interval Schedule
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.
Variable-Interval Schedule
Is it better to use punishment or reinforcement?
Reinforcement
Presentation of an unpleasant stimulus after an undesired behavior occurs
Positive Punishment
Removal of a pleasant stimulus after an undesired behavior occurs.
Negative Punishment
Canceling tv viewing privileges is an example of
Negative Punishment (something is being TAKEN AWAY)
A low grade on an exam or a speeding ticket are examples of
Positive Punishment (Something is being given to you)
any stimulus whose presence increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur
Positive Reinforcement
A high grade on an exam is
Positive Reinforcement
any stimulus whose reduction or termination increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur
Negative Reinforcement
Learning involves
a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.
The most crucial ingredient in all learning is
experience
By learning to associate a squirt of water with an electric shock, sea snails demonstrate the process of
Classical Conditioning
Pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food illustrate
Classical Conditioning
Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying
Operant Conditioning
The last time you came home after your curfew, your parents grounded you for the next two weekends. Ever since then you have been careful to come home on time. The change in your behavior is best explained by
Operant Conditioning
John B. Watson emphasized that
learning should be explained without any reference to mental processes.
In Pavlov’s experiments, the dog’s salivation triggered by the taste of food was a(n)
unconditioned response.
A child’s learned fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n)
conditioned response.
A dog’s salivation at the sight of a food dish is a(n)
conditioned response
An integrated understanding of associative learning in terms of genetic predispositions, culturally learned preferences, and the predictability of certain associations is most clearly provided by
law of effect
To assess whether Mrs. Webster had Alzheimer’s disease, researchers conditioned her to blink in response to a sound that signaled the delivery of a puff of air directed toward her face. In this application of classical conditioning, the sound was a
Conditioned Stimulus
Voluntary behaviors that produce rewarding or punishing consequences are called
Operant Behaviors
Operant behaviors are
voluntary
B. F. Skinner believed that teaching machines could promote effective learning because they allow for both
Observational Learning and Spontaneous Recovery
Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment demonstrated that the power of observational learning depends on what?
whether we see the people as similar to us
Mr. Zandee has stopped smoking because he wants to model healthy behavior patterns for his children. Mr. Zandee is apparently aware of the importance of ________ in his children’s development
Observational Learning
Experiments suggest that children exposed to a model who says one thing and does another will
talk in ways consistent with what the model says and act in ways consistent with what the model does.
Most researchers who have examined the effects of viewing televised aggression conclude that
viewing violence leads children and teenagers to behave aggressively.
After prolonged exposure to television violence, viewers became more indifferent to violence when later viewing a brawl, whether on TV or in real life. This finding best illustrates
desensitization
Using an operant chamber, Skinner timed food pellets to drop every 15 minutes. If a rat was in a certain location just before the food was presented, the rat went to that location more frequently even though it was not directly tied to the appearance of food. Which of the following best explains this superstitious behavior?
Any behavior that is accidentally reinforced is more likely to be repeated.
A rat in a Skinner box is reinforced with a food pellet only if the rat moves close to the lever. Next, reinforcement is withheld until the rat stands on its hind legs, then until the rat touches the lever, and finally, until the rat presses the lever. This example best illustrates
shaping
Revoking the driver’s license of a reckless driver is intended to serve as a
Negative Punishment
Which of the following is true of positive and negative reinforcers?
Positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding.
Mason, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason’s running habit is maintained by a(n) ________ reinforcer.
Negative
Professor Kohler observed chimpanzees discover a novel way to reach a banana hung out of their reach. This scenario is most likely an example of which type of learning?
Insight Learning
Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of
Associative Learning
The “psychic secretions” that interfered with Pavlov’s experiments on digestion were
Conditioned Responses
Children learn to fear spiders more easily than they learn to fear flowers. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on learning.
Biological Presdispositions
After pigs learned to pick up and deposit wooden coins in a piggy bank, the pigs subsequently dropped the coins repeatedly and pushed them with their snouts. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in operant conditioning.
Biological Predispositions
