Chapter 2 Flashcards
Cells in the brain do not do not reproduce?
No
_____ reproduce in other parts of the body
Nerves
The Somatic NS is Voluntary or Involuntary?
Voluntary
What does the Somatic NS control?
Skeletal Muscle
The Autonomic NS is Voluntary or involuntary?
Involuntary
What does the Autonomic NS control?
Breathing, HR
What is responsible for Fight or Flight?
The Autonomic NS
Information that goes into the Nervous system go through either the
Sensory Organs or another neuron
Information comes in through _____-
dendrites
______ keeps the neuron alive
Nucleus
Most axons in the brain are______
2 milimeters
The longer axons are in the _____
spinal cord
Where do the Vagus nerves run though?
Head to Scrotum
Pain moves _____
upward
What does the myelin sheath do?
Speeds up Conduction
White matter is______
myeliated
Gray matter is ____
unmyelinated
Muscles are usually ____
myelinated
At what age does Myelination stop?
24
Do Neurons touch?
No
Can you find a nerve in a bundle of neurons?
No
A _____ is a bundle of elongated axons belonging to hundreds of thousands of neurons.
Nerve
Gilial cells are ___
Non-neuronal
What removes waste, gives proteins to neurons, and keep neurons in place?
Glial Cells
What is the source of cancer in the nervous system?
Glial Cells
Where do you never see cancer?
The Central NS
Information moves along a neuron in the form of a _____
neural impulse
A neural impulse consists of an _______
electrochemical event
Action Potential is
Electrical
Synaptic Transmission
Chemical
Neurons fire at the SAME TIME or not at all is
all or none
The Minimum amount of stimulation to activate sense is the
threshold
More Neuron are involved and so they activate ____
at a faster rate
Vesicles contain
neurotransmitters
Towards where are vesicles pushed towards?
The bottom of the terminal bud.
Where is Ach Prevalent?
Hippocampus
Where is Norepinephrine mainly produced?
By neurons in the brain stem
Norepinephrine influences what?
An Individual’s mood
Insufficient levels of ____ causes anxiety states
GABA
What is a naturally occurring pain killer?
Endorphins
Who located the mind in the spherical head?
Plato
Who studied Phrenology?
Franz Gall
_____ Listen and _____ Speak
Dendrites Listen. Axons Speak.
Some axons are encased in a ______ _____ fatty tissue that insulates them and speeds their impulses.
Myelin Sheath
Brain activity is measured in ______
miliseconds
If excitatory signals minus inhibitory signals exceed a minimum intensity, or threshold, the combined signals trigger an
Action Potential
Action Potential reaches the knob-like terminals at an axon’s end, triggering the release of chemical messengers,
Neurotransmitters
the sending neuron reabsorbs the excess neurotransmitters
Reuptake
Do Neurotransmitters operate in isolation? Yes or No
No
______ plays a role in learning and memory.
Ach
Does the brain produce its own natural opiates? Yes or No
Yes
What explains good feelings?
Endorphons
Example of a 2 Neuron Reflex Arc
Knee Jerk
Example of a 3 Neuron Reflex Arc
Removing your Hand from a Hot Stove
At rest, the inside of he neuron is ____ in relation to outside.
negative
Resting Potenial is
Polorization
Action potential inside is positive relative to outside is called
depolarization
____ return neurons back to resting potential
Ion
What is the study of the embryo?
Ontology
The Central Core is _____ and is needed for _____
vegetative; needed for survival
Limbic System is used for _____ and ____
memory and learning
What consolidates memory from short term to long term
Hippocampus
What receives the motor signals for speech?
Broca’s Area
What stores the meaning of words?
Wernicke’s area
What contains the visual codes for reading?
Angular Gyrus
_____ folds increase surface area of the brain
Convolutions
What secretes the hormone that increases body metabolism, thereby affecting growth.
Thyroid Gland
What regulates the levels of glucose in the blood?
Pancrease
What lowers blood sugar?
Insulin
What raises blood sugar?
Glucagon
The Broca’s area is in the ____
Frontal Lobe
Logic is controlled on the ____ side of the brain
Left
Spatial abilities are controlled on the _____ side of the brain
right
Secretes the hormone that increases body metabolism, thereby affecting growth and affecting every process and structure of the body
Thyroid Gland
When someone has hypothyroidism you seem _____
depressed
Hyperthyroidism you are ____
manic
What influences fight or flight?
Adrenal Glands
What secretes hormones that govern arousal to stress or siutations
Adrenal Medulla
What produces more than 50 different hormones that have various functions?
Adrenal Cortex
What regulates the level of glucose in the blood?
Pancreas
What sits right below the hypothalamus and is the master gland?
Pituitary Gland
The Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland produces ___ hormones?
6
a member of a gene pair that determines the characteristic trait only when the other member of the pair is recessive.
Recessive Gene
a member of a gene pair which, if present, determines that the individual will show the trait controlled by the gene regardless of whether the member of the pair is the same or different (that is, recessive)
Dominant Gene
the characteristics that are displayed by the individual
Phenotype
The characteristics that an individual has inherited and will transmit to the next generation
Genotype
A genotype with a dominant and recessive gene (allele)
Heterozygous
A genotype with 2 dominant or 2 recessive alleles
Homozygous
Where does motor control reside?
Frontal Lobe
Where does vision reside?
Occipital Lobe
Where does hearing reside?
Temporal Lobe
Where does sense of touch reside?
Parietal Lobe
What is the third Neuron called?
Interneuron
Where are Interneurons found?
Brain
What does the Corpus Callosum do?
It connects left and right brain
In the Synapse, Vesicles contain ______.
Neurotransmitters
In the Synapse, _____ are pushed towards the bottom of the terminal Bud.
Vesicles
Synaptic Transmission moves information between____
neurons
The 3 Neuron Reflex arc is an ___-
Interneuron
The 3 Neuron Reflex Arc Is Efferent or Afferent
Efferent
Motor Neurons are
Efferent
Sensory Neurons are
Afferent
_____ speeds up the reuptake of Norepinephrine causing a person’s mood level to be depressed.
Lithium
____ and amphetamines prolong the action of Norepinephrine by slowing down reuptake.
Cocaine
What destroys the enzyme that degrades Ach?
Nerve Gas
______ toxin blocks release of Ach
Botulinum
_____ creates its effect by causing an excess of serotonin
LSD
The ____ house the Reflex Arcs
Spinal Cord
What part of the brain is for attention?
Reticular Formation
Hunger, thirst, sex, emotions, aggression, are housed in the
Hypothalamus
Fine motor and balance is in the
Cerebellum
Intelligence and personality are in the
Cerebrum
The ____ control emotional memory
Amygdala
The ____ consolidates short term memory to long term memory
Hippocampus
Does the brain have sensory receptors?
No
