Mid-Term Quizlet for Thru Reconstruction Flashcards
were subordinate to husbands, raised the children, and were dutiful helpmates
Women in free hold society New England
The Enlightenment
a movement that emphasized science and reason as guides to help see the world more clearly
Isaac Newton
used mathematics to explain how the universe could operate without constant divine intervention.
John Locke
The idea of natural rights and government deriving its power from the consent of the governed was articulated by the philosopher
Ben Franklin
wrote Poor Richard’s Almanac, founded the American Philosophical Society, invented bifocal lenses
Deism
A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn’t involved in people’s lives or in revealing truths to prophets
Pietism
A Protestant revival movement in early-eighteenth-century Germany and Scandinavia that emphasized a warm and emotional religion, and stressed human beings’ dependence on God
George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards
Became the most dynamic preachers of the Great Awakening.
“Old Lights”
Persuaded the Connecticut Assembly to prohibit traveling preachers from speaking to established congregations without the minister’s permission
“New Lights”
People who experienced conversion during the revivals of the Great Awakening and condemned “Old Lights” as unconverted sinners.
Middle Colonies
New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware - known as the bread colonies and a variety of religious groups including the Quakers.
The Baptists
Dissenters of the Church of England and focused on the power of local churches. It was very simple and appealed to rural people and challenged Virginia gentry.
South Carolina Regulators
They wanted more local courts and more representation in the Assembly.
French and Indian War Causes
Both France and England want possession of the Ohio River Valley.
Most Native American groups fought with the French.
Treaty of Paris 1763
Ended French and Indian War, France lost Canada, land east of the Mississippi, to British, New Orleans and west of Mississippi to Spain
French and Indian War
This war between the French and the British ran up British national debt and led to a series of new taxes imposed on the colonists while also exposing the weakness of the British administrative control.
Sugar Act of 1764
An act that raised tax revenue in the colonies for the crown. It also increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies.
Stamp Act of 1765
This act required colonists to pay for an official stamp, or seal, when they bought paper items. Colonists responded with quick and united opposition.
Townshend Acts (1767)
passed by Parliament, put a tax on glass, lead, paper, and tea. The acts caused protest from the colonists, who found ways around the taxes such as buying smuggled tea. Due to its little profits, the Townshend Acts were repealed in 1770, except for the tax on tea. The tax on tea was kept to keep alive the principle of Parliamentary taxation.
Boston Massacre (1770)
An incident in which British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them; five colonists were killed. Boston’s radicals used incident to wage an Anti-British propaganda war.
Boston Tea Party (1773)
American colonists calling themselves the Sons of Liberty, disguised as Mohawk Native Americans, boarded three British ships and dumped British tea into the Boston harbor.
American Revolution (years)
1775-1783
1st shots of American Revolution
Lexington
Author of Common Sense which stressed independence, republicanism, and an end to monarchy
Thomas Paine
British strategy in 1777 in American Revolution
isolate middle and southern colonies from New England
George Washington’s strategy in the Revolution
to draw Brits along the coast to extend supply and communication lines
Battle of Saratoga (1777)
Decisive colonial victory in upstate New York; considered to be the turning point of the American Revolution. Caused France to openly support the colonies with military forces in addition to the supplies and money already being sent.
War in the South
The British moved attacks to the south, in hope of more support. Defeated the patriots in many small battles. Nathaniel Green was key figure for the Patriots and used guerilla tactics in attacking British supply wagons.
Treaty of Paris 1783
This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River
Treaty of Versailles 1783
Spain gets Florida. France gets Tobago. American access to the far west of Appalachian mountains.
Land Ordinance of 1785; Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Provided for the orderly settlement of the Trans-Appalachian west. The greatest achievement of the Articles of Confederation.
Pennsylvania
After the Revolution, this state demonstrated the most democratic republicanism
Shay’s Rebellion (1786-1787)
Rebellion of debtor farmers in Massachusetts led by Daniel Shays. After the rebellion was crushed by the Mass. state militia, many prominent American leaders called for a strengthening of the national government to prevent such rebellions in the future.
Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
One vote for each State, regardless of size. Congress powerless to lay and collect taxes or duties. Congress powerless to regulate foreign and interstate commerce. No executive to enforce acts of Congress. No national court system. Amendment only with consent of all States. A 9/13 majority required to pass laws. Articles only a “firm league of friendship.”
Constitutional Convention - 2 main issues
Representation in Congress and slavery
Virginia Plan
“Large state” proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation.
New Jersey Plan
The proposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for equal representation of each state in Congress regardless of the state’s population.
Whiskey Rebellion
1794 protest against the government’s tax on whiskey by backcountry farmers
Two political parties during Constitutional Crisis
Federalists and anti-federalists
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Established judicial review; “midnight judges;” John Marshall; power of the Supreme Court.
Jefferson Administration
Allowed for smaller sections of government land to be sold off. Jefferson didn’t like Constitution, or National Bank. Democratic Republican, anti-Hamiltonian. Stopped funding Navy. Dominated by Embargo Act. Secretary of State was Madison.
Louisiana Purchase
1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France for 15 million. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.
Embargo Act of 1807
Law that forbade American ships from sailing to foreign ports and closed American ports to British ships. Hurt U.S. economy and Jefferson administration.
Missouri Compromise of 1820
Compromise - Maine enters as free state, Missouri as slave state, prohibited slavery in Louisiana Territory north of 36°30′ , preserved balance in US Senate. Set precedent for states applying for statehood in pairs.
Second Great Awakening
A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.
Jefferson versus Hamilton
Jefferson favored states rights and Hamilton favored a strong central government. Jefferson envisioned a country of small farmers whereas Hamilton envisioned a country dominated by commerce and industry. Hamilton was pro-British while Jefferson favored the French.
Advantages of colonists in American Revolution
Colonists were fighting on their soil and knew the land better. Colonists had a cause they were passionate about and were defending their homes and families. The British were separated by the ocean which made it difficult and time consuming to get supplies and orders from Britain. Colonists used guerilla tactics to win small engagements and avoided open field style of fighting.
1775-1783
American Revolution (years)
Declaration of Independence
The document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congesss (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain and to justify to the world why the colonies wanted to seperate and to blame it on George lll
