Final Exam Review - History 101

Question 1

Charles Fourier

Answer 1

A leading utopian socialist known for his work, Theory of Four Movements, who envisaged small communal societies in which men and women cooperated in agriculture and industry, abolishing the private property and monogamous marriage as well (1772-1837)

Question 2

Shakers

Answer 2

1770’s by “Mother” Ann Lee; Utopian group that splintered from the Quakers; believed churches had grown too interested in this world & neglected afterlives; prohibited marriage/sexual relationships; practiced celibacy

Question 3

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

Answer 3

drew on republican ideology and was patterned directly on the Declaration of Independence.

Question 4

transcentdentalism

Answer 4

Literary and intellectual movement that emphasized individualism and self-reliance, predicated upon a belief that each person possesses an “inner-light” that can point the way to truth and direct contact with God.

Question 5

Henry David Thoreau

Answer 5

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.

Question 6

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Answer 6

abolitionist and the supporter of women’s rights, the author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Question 7

The Grimke Sisters

Answer 7

were 19th-century American Quakers, educators and writers from South Carolina who were early advocates of abolitionism and women’s rights.

Question 8

Joseph Smith and Brigham Young

Answer 8

Religious leaders of the Mormons. Smith was the founder, but was murdered by a local mob. Young took over the leadership role and migrated the Mormons to the far western frontier, settling in Utah.

Question 9

William Lloyd Garrison

Answer 9

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper “The Liberator”, and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Question 10

Charles Finney

Answer 10

A leading evangelist of the Second Great Awakening, he preached that each person had capacity for spiritual rebirth and salvation and that through individual effort could be saved. His concept of “utility of benevolence” proposed the reformation of society as well as of individuals.

Question 11

Nat Turner

Answer 11

launched slave rebellion in 1831 that led to the “gag rule” about slavery in the Virginia Congress

Question 12

Sam Houston

Answer 12

United States politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a part of the United States (1793-1863)

Question 13

John O’Sullivan

Answer 13

Wrote an editorial that first mentioned the term “Manifest Destiny”

Question 14

Texas Annexation

Answer 14

Supported by President Tyler in 1844, but originally refused in 1837, as the U.S. Government believed annexation would lead to war with Mexico. Texas remained a sovereign nation. Annexed via a joint resolution through Congress, supported by President-elect Polk, and approved in 1845. Land from the Republic of Texas later became parts of NM, CO, OK, KS, and WY.

Question 15

Whig Party

Answer 15

An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements

Question 16

Slidell Mission

Answer 16

This was a last ditch attempt to gain California for America. Polk sent Slidell to offer a maximum of $25 million for it, but it was rejected by the Mexicans. This prompted Polk to provoke war with the Mexicans.

Question 17

Wilmot Proviso

Answer 17

1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico

Question 18

Compromise of 1850

Answer 18

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

Question 19

Dred Scott Decision

Answer 19

A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn’t sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.

Question 20

John Brown

Answer 20

(1800-1859) anti-slavery advocate who believed that God had called upon him to abolish slavery. May or may not have been mentally unstable. He and his followers (his sons and others) killed five men in the pro slavery settlement of Pottawatomie Creek. Led unsuccessful raid at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia.

Question 21

South Carolina

Answer 21

First state to secede from the Union due to Lincoln’s election.

Question 22

Ft. Sumter

Answer 22

Union fort attacked by Confederates in 1861 sparking the start of the Civil War

Question 23

Northern Advantages in the Civil War

Answer 23

more supplies, more people, railroads, factories, powerful navy

Question 24

Southern Advantages in the Civil War

Answer 24

better military leaders, they were fighting on their own terrain/land (knowledge of the land)

Question 25

Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)

Answer 25

First major battle of the Civil War, fought at a railroad junction in northern Virginia on July 21, 1861. The Union suffered a sobering defeat, while the Confederates felt affirmed in their superiority and the inevitability of Confederate nationhood.

Question 26

The Confederacy financed the Civil War primarily by

Answer 26

imposing tariffs on imports and taxes on exports- then resorted to printing unbacked Confederate dollars.

Question 27

Northern strategy in the Civil War

Answer 27

controlling the rivers in the south and taking Richmond

Question 28

Battle of Antietam (1862)

Answer 28

Single bloodiest day of the American Civil War; Union victory that turned back a Confederate invasion of the North.
Historical Significance:
Allowed Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation proclaiming the freedom of slaves in the ten states then in rebellion and shifting the war objectives of the North.

Question 29

North financed war by

Answer 29

raising tariffs, increasing taxes, and imposing direct taxes on corporations

Question 30

Battle of Vicksburg (1863)

Answer 30

Union gains control of Mississippi River and splits the confederacy in two. Grant takes lead of Union armies and total war begins.

Question 31

Battle of Gettysburg (1863)

Answer 31

Largest and bloodiest battle of the American Civil War; Union victory; considered - when coupled with General Ulysses S. Grant’s victory in Vicksburg the next day - to be the turning point of the war.
Historical Significance:
Lincoln used the dedication ceremony for the Gettysburg National Cemetery to honor the fallen Union soldiers and redefine the purpose of the war in his historic Gettysburg Address.

Question 32

Sherman’s March to the Sea

Answer 32

during the civil war, a devastating total war military campaign, led by union general William Tecumseh Sherman, that involved marching 60,000 union troops through Georgia from Atlanta to Savannah and destroying everything along their way.

Question 33

Appamattox Courthouse

Answer 33

Final event of the Civil War; Lee surrendered to Grant thereby ending the war.

Question 34

John Wilkes Booth

Answer 34

was an American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865.

Question 35

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Answer 35

Passed by Congress on 9th April 1866 over the veto of President Andrew Johnson. The act declared that all persons born in the United States were now citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition.

Question 36

Freedmen’s Bureau

Answer 36

1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs

Question 37

14th Amendment (1868)

Answer 37

Used as a platform for the Democrat Party in the elections of 1866, defined citizenship and was to give equal protection under the law to former
slaves, was denounced by Charles Sumner.

Question 38

Reconstruction Act of 1867

Answer 38

laid out the process for readmitting Southern states into the Union - divided them into 5 military districts and established stricter requirements for south to re-enter union.

Question 39

Radical Reconstruction began, 1867

Answer 39

Fought in the south by the KKK, the institution of Black Codes, and by putting former confederate officials illegally back on the polls.

Question 40

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

Answer 40

Johnson was impeached for the charge of High Crimes and Misdemeanors on February 24, 1868 of which one of the articles of impeachment was violating the Tenure of Office Act. He had removed Edwin M. Stanton, the Secretary of War, from office and replaced him with Adjutant General Lorenzo Thomas

Question 41

Hiram Revels

Answer 41

The first African American to serve in the U.S. Congress. He was from Mississippi and took seat from Jefferson Davis.

Question 42

1872 Election

Answer 42

The Republican party splits. Liberal Republicans run Horace Greeley, the editor of a major newspaper and also the Democratic candidate. Republicans run Grant. Grant wins the presidency and becomes known as corrupt because of the corrupt people around him.

Question 43

Whiskey Ring Scandal

Answer 43

involved a network of large whiskey distillers and US Treasury agents who defrauded the government of millions of dollars of excise taxes on liquor; exposed when Grant’s private secretary, Orville Babcock, broke his silence and brought the matter to the president’s attention; it discredited the president but did not result in any convictions

Question 44

Election of 1876

Answer 44

Samuel Tilden won the popular vote, but Republican officials in 3 southern states certified Republican victories resulting in a Republican majority; Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was the eventual winner.

Question 45

Cold Harbor

Answer 45

Civil War battle from June 1 to June 3, 1864, near Cold Harbor, Virginia, it culminated in slaughter of more than 13,000 Union soldiers attempting to advance to Confederate entrenchment. Confederates lost fewer than 2,000 men, and even they were shocked by the carnage caused by the folly of the Union commanders.

Question 46

Civil War Years

Answer 46

1861-1865

Question 47

Presidential Reconstruction

Answer 47

In December 1863 Lincoln introduced the first Reconstruction scheme, the Ten Percent Plan, thus beginning the period known as Presidential Reconstruction. The plan decreed that when one-tenth of a state’s prewar voters had taken an oath of loyalty to the U.S. Constitution, its citizens could elect a new state government and apply for readmission to the Union. In addition, Lincoln promised to pardon all but a few high-ranking Confederates if they would take this oath and accept abolition. The plan also required that states amend their constitutions to abolish slavery. Conspicuous in this plan was the stipulation that only whites could vote or hold office.

Question 48

Congressional Reconstruction

Answer 48

Blamed the south and wanted retribution for starting the war. A process led by the Radical Republicans that led to the usage of military force to protect blacks’ rights. Divided the South into 5 military districts and stationed troops in each district. Congressional Reconstruction amendments included 13,14,15 amendments - abolished slavery, defined citizenship, and gave African American males the vote.