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BIO241 > Mid Term Practial > Flashcards

Mid Term Practial Flashcards

1
Q

What type of tissue is Blood

A

Connective

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2
Q

What is the Non-living fluid matrix

A

Plasma

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3
Q

What is the Living component of blood?

A

Formed elements

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4
Q

What percentage of plasma is water?

A

91.5%

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5
Q

What percent of plasma is solutes?

A

9.5%

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6
Q

What are formed elements

A

Erythrocytes and Leukocytes

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7
Q

What are Erythrocytes

A

Red Blood Cells (RBC)

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8
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

White Blood Cells (WBC)

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9
Q

What is the ratio or RBC, WBC, platelets, and plasma?

A

RBC=45%
Plasma=55%
WBC and Platelets= >1%

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10
Q

WBC are broken down into two categories. What are they?

A

Granular Leukocytes and Nongranular Leukocytes

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11
Q

Granular Leukocytes are divided into what sub categories?

A

Basophils (least common), Neutrophil (most common), and Eosinophil

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12
Q

What categories fall under nongranular leukocytes?

A

Lymphocytes and Monocytes

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13
Q

What is the function of the RBC.

A

To carry O2 from the lungs to the body and CO2 from the body back to the lungs.

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14
Q

What is the Buffy coat?

A

Leukocytes (WBC) and Thrombocytes (Platelets). Makes the >1% of the fluid in centrifuged blood.

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15
Q

What is the function of WBCs?

A

To fight against infections

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16
Q

Neutrophil’s abundance

A

60-70%

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17
Q

Eosinophil’s abundance

A

2-4%

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18
Q

Basophil abundance

A

> 1%

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19
Q
A

Granulocyte: Neutrophil

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20
Q
A

Granulocyte: Eosinophil

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21
Q
A

Granulocyte: Basophil

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22
Q

What is the function of Neurophils

A

To fight bacterial infections and to be the 1st line of defense for the body.

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23
Q

What is the function of Eosinophil

A

Increases during parasites infection and allergies

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24
Q

What is the function of Basophils

A

Releases histamine and heparin to mediate inflammatory responses.

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25
Q

What are the two types of agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

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26
Q

What percentage of WBCs are lymphocytes?

A

25-33%

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27
Q

What percentage of WBCs are monocytes?

A

3-8%

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28
Q
A

Lymphocyte

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29
Q

What is the function of a lymphocyte?

A

Cell mediated or antibody mediated immunity.

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30
Q
A

Monocytes

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31
Q

What is the function of monocytes?

A

To become wandering macrophages that enlarge in size

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32
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Platelets

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33
Q

What is the function of thrombocytes?

A

Blood coagulation

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34
Q

Hypoxia

A

Low O2 at cellular level. Stimulating production of RBCs.

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35
Q

Anemia

A

Below normal level of O2 carrying RBCs.

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36
Q

Anterior

A

Front

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37
Q

Posterior

A

Back

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38
Q

Superior

A

Above

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39
Q

Inferior

A

Below

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40
Q

Ascending

A

Upwards

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41
Q

Descending

A

Downward

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42
Q

Coronary

A

Pertaining to the heart

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43
Q

Pulmonary

A

Pertaining to the lungs

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44
Q

Sulcus

A

Grooves

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45
Q

Sinus

A

Space or cavity

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46
Q

Auricle

A

Ear-like

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47
Q

Inter I.e intervantricular

A

In between

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48
Q

Pericardium

A

Double walled sac the encloses the hear

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49
Q

Epicardium

A

Outer protective wall of the heart

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50
Q

Myocardium

A

Walls of the heart

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51
Q

Endocardium

A

Walls of the chambers of the heart

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52
Q

A

A

Right atrium

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53
Q

B

A

Right ventricle

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54
Q

C

A

Left atrium

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55
Q

D

A

Left ventricle

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56
Q

A

A

Superior vena cava

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57
Q

B

A

Aortic arch

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58
Q

C

A

Right atrium

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59
Q

D

A

Pulmonary artery

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60
Q

E

A

Right ventricle

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61
Q

F

A

Pulmonary veins

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62
Q

G

A

Inferior vena cava

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63
Q

H

A

Left atrium

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64
Q

I

A

Left ventricle

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65
Q

I

A

Left ventricle

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66
Q

A

A

Pulmonary valve

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67
Q

B

A

Tricuspid valve

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68
Q

C

A

Mitral valve

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69
Q

D

A

Aortic valve

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70
Q

A

A

Right coronary artery

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71
Q

B

A

Left coronary artery

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72
Q

C

A

Left anterior descending artery

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73
Q

A

A

Fossa ovalis

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74
Q

B

A

Pectinate muscles

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75
Q

C

A

Chordae tendineae

76
Q

The cardiac conducting system consists of…

A

SA and AV nodes
AV bundle and branches
Purkinje fibers

77
Q

What does EKG stand for

A

Electrocardiogram

78
Q

SA node

A

Sinoatrial node

79
Q

AV node

A

Atrioventricular node

80
Q

A

A

SA node

81
Q

B

A

AV node

82
Q

C

A

Bachmann’s bundle

83
Q

D

A

Left bundle branch

84
Q

E

A

Right bundle Branch

85
Q

Describe the Sinoatrial Node (SA node)

A

Pacemaker
Cluster of cells at the top of the right atrium
Self depolarizes
Regulated by the autonomic nervous system

86
Q

Describe the Artioventricular node (AV node)

A

Transmits pulses that originate from the SA node to the ventricular of the heart
Delays impulses to allow the atria to have enough time to fully eject blood into the ventricles

87
Q

What is the Arioventricular Bundle.

A

Bundle of nerves at the top of the atrioventricular septum. The AV bundle splits into two separate bundle branches that travel down the apex of the heart down the inter ventricular sputum to the purkinje fibers. It also transmits impulses from the AV node to the purkinje fibers

88
Q

What are the purkinje fibers

A

A network of fibers that receives signals from the AV nod and simultaneously actives the left and right ventricles. Stimulates the myocardium of the ventricles. Rapid conduction allows for coordinated ventricular extraction.

89
Q

What is an average resting heat rate?

A

70-75 beats per minute

90
Q

What is Green?

A

The P wave

91
Q

What is orange?

A

The Q wave

92
Q

What is red?

A

R wave

93
Q

What is purple?

A

S wave

94
Q

What is blue?

A

T wave

95
Q

What is the combination of Q, R, and S called and what happens during it

A

The QRS complex.
Ventricle Depolarization

96
Q

What happens during the T wave

A

Ventricular depolarization

97
Q

What is the space between the T wave and the P wave called?

A

Quiescent period

98
Q

What is systole

A

Heart muscle contracts pumping blood from the heart chambers to the arteries.

99
Q

What is Diastole?

A

Heart muscle relaxes allowing chamber to fill with blood

100
Q

What is the Lubb sound?

A

AV valves closing.

101
Q

What is the Dubb

A

Semilunar valves closing

102
Q

What happens during the P wave?

A

Atrial depolarization

103
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Carry oxygenated blood away front he heart

104
Q

What do veins do

A

Return deoxygenated blood to the heart

105
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit

A

When the deoxygenated blood moves from the heart to the lungs

106
Q

What is systemic circuit?

A

Heart receives oxygenated blood and pumps it to the body

107
Q

What are the three concentrically arranged basic tunics or coats?

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitious

108
Q

What is A

A

The Tunica intima

109
Q

What is B

A

Tunica Media

110
Q

What is C

A

Tunica adventitia

111
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Blood vessels that connect arteries and veins. They are permeable and facilitates the exchange of gasses and interstitial fluid

112
Q

Describe the Tunica Intima

A

I side and smooth. Consists of Simple squamous endothelium.

113
Q

Describe the tunica media

A

Middle layer and thicker. Has elastic fibers and is smooth muscle.

114
Q

Describe the tunica adventitia

A

Outermost layer. Consists of collagen and elastin fibrous connective tissue and has vasa vasorum

115
Q

What is A

A

Vein

116
Q

What is B

A

Artery

117
Q

What is A

A

Tunica intima

118
Q

What is B

A

Tunica Media

119
Q

What is C

A

Tunica adventitia

120
Q

Describe Large elastic arteries

A

Conducting arteries. Maintains constant pressure in the arterial system. It has a thick tunica media and collagen and elastin

121
Q

What are some examples of Large (Conducting) arteries?

A

Aorta
Brachiocephalic
Common Carotid
Subclavian
Common Iliac

122
Q

What are Medium Arteries?

A

Muscular arteries, distributes blood to specific regions of the body. It has an internal elastic Mina. The tunica media is almost all smooth muscle fibers and has a thin tunica adventitia

123
Q

What are some examples of medium (Muscular) Arteries

A

Radial artery
Femoral artery
Splenic artery

124
Q

What is A

A

Tunica adventitia

125
Q

What is M

A

Tunica Media

126
Q

What is the Arrow

A

Tunica intima

127
Q

Describe arterioles

A

No internal/external elastic lamina. Has 1-5 layers of smooth muscle, lacs elastin, and has a thin tunica adventitia

128
Q

What is A

A

Arteriole

129
Q

What is B

A

Venule

130
Q

What is the arrow head pointing at

A

A very small arteriole

131
Q

What are the arrowheads pointing at

A

Capillaries

132
Q

What are venules

A

Diverge from capillary bed with a thin tunica media and tunica adventitia

133
Q

What are the arrow heads pointing and and what is the function of it?

A

Valves. Only in veins and prevents the back flow of blood

134
Q

What is an example of a large vein

A

Superior and inferior vena cava

135
Q

What is A

A

Right common carotid

136
Q

What is B

A

Right subclavian

137
Q

What is C

A

Brachiocephalic

138
Q

What is D

A

Left subclavian

139
Q

What is E

A

Left common Carotid

140
Q

Blood pressure

A

Pressure the blood exerts against the blood vessel wall

141
Q

What is an average blood pressure?

A

120/80

142
Q

What is cardiac output

A

The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta per min.

143
Q

What is the technical term for a blood pressure cuff?

A

Sphygmomanometer

144
Q

What determines blood pressure

A

Cardiac output, blood volume, and peripheral resistance

145
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Reaction to cold it restricts blood flow to the extremities so more blood and heat is kept closer to vital organs

146
Q

Vasodilation

A

Reaction to heat, blood vessels open wider than normal to allow for more blood to go the the extremities and closer to the skin where hear can dissipate

147
Q

Things that can cause a decrease in blood pressure

A

Heat
Posture

148
Q

Things that can cause an increase in blood pressure

A

Cold
Drugs
Exercise
Posture

149
Q

What are the purposes of the respiratory system?

A

Elimination of CO2
Gas exchange
Passageway
Humidifier
Sensory system
O2 supplier

150
Q

What does the upper respiratory system consist of

A

Nose and pharynx

151
Q

What does the upper respiratory system consist of

A

Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
And lungs

152
Q

Conducting portion

A

System of interconnected cavities and tubes
Exchanges gas with the atmosphere
Nose to the terminal bronchioles

153
Q

Respiratory Portion

A

Where gas changes with the blood
Respiratory bronchioles to the alveoli

154
Q

What does this image represent as a whole

A

The pharynx

155
Q

What is A

A

Nasopharynx

156
Q

What is B

A

Oropharynx

157
Q

What is C

A

Laryngopharynx

158
Q

What is the function of the pharynx

A

Passageway for air and food. Resonating chamber for voice production

159
Q

Larynx

A

Conchs the pharynx with the trachea

160
Q

What is A

A

Epiglottis

161
Q

What is B

A

Hyoid bone

162
Q

What is C

A

Thyroid Cartilage

163
Q

What is D

A

Cricoid cartilage

164
Q

What is called the “guardian of the airway”

A

Epiglottis

165
Q

What is the Trachea

A

Tubular passageway for air and is anterior to the esophagus

166
Q

What is the tracheobronchial tree

A

Trachea>Primary Bronchi>Secontary Bronchi> tershiary Bronchi> Bronchioles> Terminal Bronchioles> Respiratory Bronchioles> Alveoli

167
Q

On the tracheobronchial tree, what is the conducting portion?

A

Trachea to the Terminal bronchioles

168
Q

On the tracheobronchial tree, what is the Respiratory portion

A

Respiratory bronchioles to the Alveoli

169
Q

What is 1

A

Trachea

170
Q

What is 2

A

Primary Bronchi

171
Q

What is 3

A

Secondary Bronchi

172
Q

What is 4

A

Tertiary Bronchi

173
Q

What is 5

A

Bronchioles

174
Q

What is 6

A

Terminal Bronchioles

175
Q

What is A

A

Terminal Bronchioles

176
Q

What is B

A

Respiratory Bronchioles

177
Q

What is C

A

Alveolar Ducts

178
Q

What is D

A

Alveoli

179
Q

What is E

A

Alveolar Sac

180
Q

What cartilage does the Trachea have

A

C-Shaped

181
Q

What cartilage does the Primary bronchi have

A

Complete ring

182
Q

What cartilage does the secondary bronchi have

A

Irregular plates

183
Q

What cartilage does the tertiary bronchi have

A

Irregular plates

184
Q

What does the Bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, Alveolar ducts, and alveolar sac have

A

None

185
Q

What is the top photo

A

Trachea

186
Q
A

Terminal (top) and respiratory (bottom) Bronchioles

187
Q

Goblet Cells are located in the …

A

Conducting portion

BIO241 (6 decks)

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