Exam 4 prep Flashcards
Which enzyme found in gastric juice allows for the breakdown (catabolism) of proteins into their component peptide chains?
Pepsin
Which component of the pancreatic juice buffers the small intestine from the acidity of the gastric acid coming from the stomach?
Sodium bicarbonate
Which of the following chemical products is not secreted by the pancreas into the pancreatic juice?
Bile
How does the liver help to lower blood sugar levels?
It anabolizes glycogen by combining glucose molecules (or other monosaccharides) that are in the blood stream (glycogenesis)
How is pepsinogen specifically activated to its active form, pepsin?
The presence of a highly acidic environment created by HCl
The portion of the stomach that immediately surrounds the opening of the esophagus into the stomach is the _________.
Cardia
Which of the following is secreted by the liver and eventually released into the duodenum?
Bile
Some of the functions of the pancreas include:
A. Production of sodium bicarbonate
B. Production of lipase
C. Production of trypsinogen
D. Production of insulin and glucagon, which are important in glucose and glycogen metabolism E. All of the above are functions of the pancreas
Which of the following are not part of the gastrointestinal tract?
1. Small intestine 2. Pancreas 3. Mouth 4. Large intestine 5. Gallbladder 6. Rectum 7. Liver
D. 2, 5, 7 only
Food arriving in the stomach will lead to ________________ in the secretion of pepsinogen and HCl.
an increase
The enzyme that is produced by salivary glands, has an optimum pH of ~ 7, and breaks down starch is called:
Salivary amylase
The enzymes produced by the small intestine, which digest disaccharides, are called:
maltase, lactase, and sucrase
Segmentation is:
Chyme sloshing back and forth in the small intestine
What is the purpose of chemical digestion?
To breakdown large macromolecules into simple molecules that can be absorbed by the GI tract epithelium.
The serous membranes that suspend the stomach and intestines from the abdominal wall are called __________.
mesenteries
The layer that is responsible for the motility that propels food and residue through the digestive tract is called the __________.
muscularis externa
Which of the following is the correct list of tooth anatomy from the most superficial to the deepest?
Enamel, dentin, pulp
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is secreted by __________ cells.
parietal
The __________ phase is associated with food stretching the stomach and activating reflexes, which in turn stimulate gastric secretions.
gastric
A hepatic triad consists of __________.
a bile ductule, a branch of the hepatic artery, and a branch of the hepatic portal vein
Which of the following nutrients is absorbed by the lacteals of the small intestine?
Triglycerides
Which of the following constitutes the so-called “bad cholesterol?”
Low-density lipoproteins
High-quality __________ proteins are those that provide all the essential amino acids.
complete
Which of the following is a final product of aerobic cellular respiration?
Carbon dioxide
Three hours after your lunch and you are absorbing nutrients, which digestive phase are you in?
Absorptive state
T/F The internal anal sphincter is comprised of involuntary smooth muscle, while the external anal sphincter is comprised of voluntary skeletal muscle.
T
T/F The large intestine is shorter than the small intestine
T
T/F Brush border enzymes are secreted onto the chyme in the stomach.
F
T/F Enzymes in the saliva contribute to the chemical digestion of proteins in the ingested food
F
T/F Enamel is found in the crown of a tooth, whereas dentin is part of both the crown and the root.
T
T/F Both chemical and mechanical digestion start in the mouth and continue in the stomach.
T
T/F The small intestine begins with the duodenum.
T
T/F The small intestine uses segmentation to mix chyme with digestive enzymes, increase its contact with the mucosa, and propel it forward through the digestive tract.
T
T/F Aerobic respiration is more efficient than anaerobic fermentation.
T
T/F Body weight is stable when average daily energy intake and output are equal
T
T/F Both glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis are examples of catabolic reactions.
F
_____ are not used as fuel and are required in relatively small quantities.
Micronutrients
The only significant digestible polysaccharide in the diet is
Starch
Which of the following stores the greatest amount of energy in the body?
Triglycerides
The lipoproteins that remove cholesterol from the tissues are
HDLs
The flow of H+ from the inter membrane space to the mitochondrial matrix creates an electrical current used by the enzyme _____ to make _____
ATP synthases; ATP
The brightly colored, iron-containing, electron-transfer molecule of the inner mitochondrial membrane are called _____.
Cytochromes
The appetite hormones ghrelin, lepton, CCK, and other act on part of the hypothalamus called the ______ nucleus.
Arcuate
The temperature of organs in the body cavities is called _____ _____.
Core Temperature
The absorptive state us regulated by the hormone _____.
Insulin
The organ that synthesis the nitrogenous waste from protein catabolism is _____.
liver
The major nitrogenous waste resulting from protein catabolism is called ___.
Urea
Synthesis of glucose from amino acids or triglycerides is called _____.
Gluconeogenesis
In the post absorptive state, glycogen is hydrolyzed to liberate glucose. This process is called _____.
Glycogenolysis
A/an _____ protein lacks one of more essential amino acids.
Incomplete
When the body emits more infrared energy than it absorbs it is losing heat by:
Radiation
Which of these occurs in the mitochondrial matrix?
Glycolysis
Chemiosmosis
The cytochrome reaction
The citric acid
Anaerobic fermentation
The citric acid cycle
The primary direct benefit of anaerobic fermentation is to:
Regenerate NAD+
FAD is reduced to FADH2 in:
The citric acid cycle
The primary function of B-complex vitamins is to act as:
Coenzymes
Which of the following is most likely to made you hungry?
Ghrelin
Ghrelin and leptin are two hormones that stimulate the appetite. T or F
F
Water is a nutrient but oxygen and cellulose are not. T or F
T
An extremely low-fat diet can cause vitamin deficiency diseases. T or F
T
Most of the bodies cholesterol comes from the diet. T or F
F
There is no harm in maximizing one’s daily protein intake. T or F
F
Aerobic respiration produces more ATP than anaerobic fermentation. T or F
T
Brown fat generates more ATP than white fat and is therefore especially important for thermoregulation. T or F
F
At a comfortable air temperature, the body loses more heat as infrared radiation than by any other means. T or F
T
Which of the following enzymes acts in the stomach
lingual lipase
Which of the following enzymes does not digest any nutrients
enterokinase
Which of the following is not an enzyme
secretin
Secretin is
hormone
The lacteal absorbs
chylomicrons
All of the following contributes to absorptive surface area of the small intestine except
haustra
Which of the following is a periodontal tissue
the gingiva
Anatomically, the ___ of the stomach most closely resemble the ___ of the small intestine
gastric pits; intestinal crypts
Which of the following cells secrete digestive enzymes
chief cells
What phase of gastric regulation includes inhibition by the enterogastric reflex
the intestinal phase
Cusps are feature of the ___ surfaces of the molars and premolars
occlusal
The acidicity of stomach halts the action of ___ but promotes the action of ____, both of which are salivary enzymes
amylase; lipase
The ___ salivary gland is named for it’s proximity to the ear
parotid
The submucosal and myenteric plexuses collectively constitutes the ___ nervous system
enteric
Nervous stimulation of gastrointestinal activity is mediated mainly through the parasympathetic fibers of the ____ nerves
vagus
Food in the stomach causes G cells to secrete ___, which in turn stimulates the secretion of HCL and pepsinogen
insulin
Hepatic macrophages occur in blood filled spaces of the liver called
sinusoids
The brush border enzyme that finishes the job of starch digestion, producing glucose, is called ____. It’s substrate is ____
maltase; matose
Fats are taken into the lymphatic capillaries as droplets called _____
chylomicrons
Within the absorptive cells of th esmall intestine, ferritine binds the nutrient ___
iron
Fat is not digested until it reaches the duodenum. T or F
F
A tooth is composed mainly of enamel
F
T/F Hepatocytes secrete bile into the hepatic sinusoids
F
T/F Cholecystokinin stimulates the release of bile into the duodenum
T
T/F Peristalsis is control by the myenteric nerve plexus
T
T/F Pepsinogen, trypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase are enzymatically inactive zymogens
T
T/F The absorption of dietary iron depends on intrinsic factor
F
T/F Filling of the stomach stimulates contractions of the colon
T
T/F The duodenum secretes a hormone that inhibits contractions of the stomach
T
T/F Tight junctions of the small intestine prevents anything from leaking between the epithelial cells
F
