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BIO241 > Exam 5 Prep > Flashcards

Exam 5 Prep Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the urinary system?

A

-To filter the blood of toxins, waists, and excess ions
-Regulate volume and composition of blood
-To maintain water and electrolyte balance

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2
Q

What are the three regions of the Kidneys

A

-Cortex
-Medulla
-Pelvis

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3
Q

Arterial blood entering the kidney contains:

A

Plasma proteins
Blood cells
Ions (Na+, K+, etc)
Nutrients
Oxygen
Wast products

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4
Q

Venous blood leaving the kidney should be carrying:

A

Nutrients and small amount of O2

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5
Q

The metabolic waste filtered and excreted by the Disney’s comes primarily from the breakdown of what food molecule?

A

Protein

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6
Q

What is the Nephrons?

A

Blood processing, urine forming filtration units

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7
Q

What are the two capillary beds of the Nephron?

A

1 Glomerulus
2 Peritubular Capillaries

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8
Q

What is the name of the fluid produced by the glomeruli that enters the nephrons?

A

Filtrate

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9
Q

What does Juxtaglomerular cell do?

A

Sense blood pressure and secrete renin

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10
Q

What does Macula Densa tubule cells sense?

A

Filtrate concentration

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11
Q

Glomerulus is a…

A

Filtration membrane- filter between blood and capsule

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12
Q

What are the 3 major kidney physiology?

A

Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion

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13
Q

What percentage of fluid processed leaves the body?

A

> 1%

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14
Q

Filtration

A

Hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries forces water and other molecules through the glomerular filtration membrane.

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15
Q

Glomerular filtration rate

A

~125 mL/min

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16
Q

Renal auto regulation of the internal kidney pressure is done by…

A

Vasodilation of afferent arterioles
Feedback form blood vessels and juxtaglomerular apparatus

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17
Q

Three forms of GFR controle

A

Renal auto regulation
Neural control
Renin-angiotensin

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18
Q

What is the overall effect of the renin-angiotensin system?

A

Raise BP

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19
Q

Tubular reabsorption

A

Reclaiming of filtrate contents to blood
Absorptive capabilities vary in tubule regions

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20
Q

Tubular secretion

A

Disposal of drugs wastes potassium ions not already in filtrate
Controls/fine-tunes blood pH

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21
Q

The cleft in the kidney where nerves and blood easels connect to the kidney is called the…

A

Hilus

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22
Q

Smallest of the renal artery

A

Interlobular

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23
Q

The first part of the nephron tubule that collects the filtrate

A

Bowman’s capsule

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24
Q

In which of the major physiological processes of the kidney are the peritubular capillaries playing a major role?

A

Reabsorption and secretion

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25
Q

What enzyme or hormone is produced by the kidneys in response to low blood pressure?

A

Renin

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26
Q

Which of these do not directly control GFR

A

ADH

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27
Q

Approximately how much substance

A

99%

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28
Q

Which of the substances below can cross the glomerular filtration membrane but is not normally found in the urine?

A

Glucose

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29
Q

Abnormal Color or clarity can indicate

A

Food/drugs
Bile pigments,
Blood
Infection

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30
Q

Abnormal pH (normal 4.5-8) caused by

A

Diet
Retention
Infection

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31
Q

Abnormal specific gravity (normal 1.001-1.035)

A

Low: kidney malfunction
High: solute concentration

32
Q

Urine is 95% water, what is the brake down of nitrogenous wastes that make up the remaining 5%?

A

Urea
Uris acids
Creatinine

33
Q

Nutrients and other components that can be found in urine but shouldn’t fine are what and what can it mean if we do find it?

A

Glucose-sugar overload diabetes
Protein-exertion, trauma, disease
Ketones-starvation, diabetes
Blood/RBC-trauma, kidney stones, infection
Leukocytes/WBC-UTI

34
Q

What is the Maximum renal clearance?

A

140 mL/min

35
Q

GFR clearance per min

A

125 mL/min

36
Q

Is urine more or less dense than water?

A

More Dense

37
Q

What is the function of the ureters

A

To convey urine to bladder

38
Q

What is the function of the bladder?

A

Temporary urine storage

39
Q

How does the ureters convey urine to the bladder?

A

Via smooth muscle contraction

40
Q

How is backflow prevented in the ureters?

A

By the filling of the bladder

41
Q

What is the urethra

A

Tine muscular tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside of the body.

42
Q

How long is the male and female urethra?

A

Male: 20 cm

Female: 3-4 cm

43
Q

Types of UTI

A

Urethritis
Cystitis
Pyelonephritis

44
Q

What is fluid, electrolyte, acid-base balance

A

Maintenance of homeostatic balance of bodily fluid

45
Q

Fluid compartments in the body

A

Intracellular fluid: inside the cells
Extracellular fluid: outside the cells (plasma, interstitial fluid, lymph, CSF etc…)

46
Q

Body fluid compartments

A

Intracellular fluid (67%)
Extracellular fluid (33%)
Interstitial fluid (80%)
Plasma (20%)
Other fluids

47
Q

Extracellular ions

A

Na+ and Cl-

48
Q

Intracellular Ions

A

K+ and P

49
Q

What is the most important solvent within our bodies?

A

Water

50
Q

Drop in plasma osmolality will cause what?

A

Hinhibits thirst
Anti Dihretic Hormone ADH

51
Q

What part of the Brain does the feedback loop for thirst happen?

A

Hypothalamus

52
Q

What is hypohydration called

A

Hyponatremia

53
Q

Salts, acids, and bases dissociate in water into

A

Electrolytes

54
Q

Which of the flowing is not found in the renal corpuscle

A

Collecting duct

55
Q

Which of the flowing would no0t contribute to a higher glomerular filtration rate?

A

Constriction of afferent arteriole

56
Q

What is the correct order of structure through which urine would pass on its way from the nephron to excretion from the body

A

Collecting Duct
Minor calyx
Major calyx
Renal pelvis
Ureter
Bladder
Internal urethral sphincter
External Urethral sphincter

57
Q

Plasma proteins are a vital contributor to the body’s ability to maintain the acid-base balance. Why?

A

Their carboxyl group can act as a weak acid and their amino group can act as a weak base.

58
Q

The majority of nutrients and/or electrolytes in the filtrate are reabsorbed in which part of the nephron?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

59
Q

Tubular secretion:

A

Removes solutes from the blood and secretes them directly into the urine.
Can help to remove drugs from the blood, like morphine or aspirin.
Is a process of active transport.

60
Q

Which of the following is a source of metabolic water?

A

Aerobic cellular respiration

61
Q

Which of the following constituents of filtrate is ordinarily reabsorbed completely (100%)

A

Glucose
Amino acids

62
Q

Drinking saltwater would have a similar effect on the fluid balance of the body as what other harmful condition?

A

Dehydration

63
Q

The functional unit of the kidneys is the

A

Nephron

64
Q

Micturition

A

Urination

65
Q

Our major metabolic nitrogenous waste is:

A

Urea

66
Q

Each kidney has approximately _____ nephrons

A

1 million

67
Q

Under normal conditions calcium ions would be:

A

In greater concentration in the filtrate than in the urine.

68
Q

The distribution of sodium and potassium ions between body cells and body fluids

A

K+ mainly in the cells; Na+ mainly in the extracellular fluids.

69
Q

If the extracellular fluid becomes less concentrated with solutes than the intracellular fluid, water will move mostly in what direction until equilibrium is reached?

A

From the extracellular fluid into the intracellular fluid

70
Q

The network of capillaries found in the renal cortex, surrounding the proximal and distal convoluted tubules are called…

A

Peritubular capillaries

71
Q

The nephrons most involved in water reabsorption are the _____, and their loops of Henle extend deeper into the renal pyramids.

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

72
Q

The transition from an afferent arteriole to an efferent arteriole occurs in the …

A

Glomerulus

73
Q

Atrial Natriuretic peptide (ANP) inhibits _____ reabsorption by the collecting duct, which _____ urine output.

A

Na+; increases

74
Q

T/F Aldosterone secretion increases the reabsorption of water

A

T

75
Q

T/F The body’s response to dehydration includes the thirst urge, and increased secretion of ADH.

A

T

76
Q

T/F Holding you breath for long enough would eventually raise the pH of your blood.

A

F

77
Q
A

BIO241 (6 decks)

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