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BIO241 > Exam 5 Prep > Flashcards

Exam 5 Prep Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the urinary system?

A

-To filter the blood of toxins, waists, and excess ions
-Regulate volume and composition of blood
-To maintain water and electrolyte balance

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2
Q

What are the three regions of the Kidneys

A

-Cortex
-Medulla
-Pelvis

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3
Q

Arterial blood entering the kidney contains:

A

Plasma proteins
Blood cells
Ions (Na+, K+, etc)
Nutrients
Oxygen
Wast products

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4
Q

Venous blood leaving the kidney should be carrying:

A

Nutrients and small amount of O2

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5
Q

The metabolic waste filtered and excreted by the Disney’s comes primarily from the breakdown of what food molecule?

A

Protein

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6
Q

What is the Nephrons?

A

Blood processing, urine forming filtration units

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7
Q

What are the two capillary beds of the Nephron?

A

1 Glomerulus
2 Peritubular Capillaries

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8
Q

What is the name of the fluid produced by the glomeruli that enters the nephrons?

A

Filtrate

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9
Q

What does Juxtaglomerular cell do?

A

Sense blood pressure and secrete renin

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10
Q

What does Macula Densa tubule cells sense?

A

Filtrate concentration

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11
Q

Glomerulus is a…

A

Filtration membrane- filter between blood and capsule

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12
Q

What are the 3 major kidney physiology?

A

Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion

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13
Q

What percentage of fluid processed leaves the body?

A

> 1%

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14
Q

Filtration

A

Hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries forces water and other molecules through the glomerular filtration membrane.

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15
Q

Glomerular filtration rate

A

~125 mL/min

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16
Q

Renal auto regulation of the internal kidney pressure is done by…

A

Vasodilation of afferent arterioles
Feedback form blood vessels and juxtaglomerular apparatus

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17
Q

Three forms of GFR controle

A

Renal auto regulation
Neural control
Renin-angiotensin

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18
Q

What is the overall effect of the renin-angiotensin system?

A

Raise BP

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19
Q

Tubular reabsorption

A

Reclaiming of filtrate contents to blood
Absorptive capabilities vary in tubule regions

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20
Q

Tubular secretion

A

Disposal of drugs wastes potassium ions not already in filtrate
Controls/fine-tunes blood pH

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21
Q

The cleft in the kidney where nerves and blood easels connect to the kidney is called the…

A

Hilus

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22
Q

Smallest of the renal artery

A

Interlobular

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23
Q

The first part of the nephron tubule that collects the filtrate

A

Bowman’s capsule

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24
Q

In which of the major physiological processes of the kidney are the peritubular capillaries playing a major role?

A

Reabsorption and secretion

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25
What enzyme or hormone is produced by the kidneys in response to low blood pressure?
Renin
26
Which of these do not directly control GFR
ADH
27
Approximately how much substance
99%
28
Which of the substances below can cross the glomerular filtration membrane but is not normally found in the urine?
Glucose
29
Abnormal Color or clarity can indicate
Food/drugs Bile pigments, Blood Infection
30
Abnormal pH (normal 4.5-8) caused by
Diet Retention Infection
31
Abnormal specific gravity (normal 1.001-1.035)
Low: kidney malfunction High: solute concentration
32
Urine is 95% water, what is the brake down of nitrogenous wastes that make up the remaining 5%?
Urea Uris acids Creatinine
33
Nutrients and other components that can be found in urine but shouldn’t fine are what and what can it mean if we do find it?
Glucose-sugar overload diabetes Protein-exertion, trauma, disease Ketones-starvation, diabetes Blood/RBC-trauma, kidney stones, infection Leukocytes/WBC-UTI
34
What is the Maximum renal clearance?
140 mL/min
35
GFR clearance per min
125 mL/min
36
Is urine more or less dense than water?
More Dense
37
What is the function of the ureters
To convey urine to bladder
38
What is the function of the bladder?
Temporary urine storage
39
How does the ureters convey urine to the bladder?
Via smooth muscle contraction
40
How is backflow prevented in the ureters?
By the filling of the bladder
41
What is the urethra
Tine muscular tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside of the body.
42
How long is the male and female urethra?
Male: 20 cm Female: 3-4 cm
43
Types of UTI
Urethritis Cystitis Pyelonephritis
44
What is fluid, electrolyte, acid-base balance
Maintenance of homeostatic balance of bodily fluid
45
Fluid compartments in the body
Intracellular fluid: inside the cells Extracellular fluid: outside the cells (plasma, interstitial fluid, lymph, CSF etc…)
46
Body fluid compartments
Intracellular fluid (67%) Extracellular fluid (33%) Interstitial fluid (80%) Plasma (20%) Other fluids
47
Extracellular ions
Na+ and Cl-
48
Intracellular Ions
K+ and P
49
What is the most important solvent within our bodies?
Water
50
Drop in plasma osmolality will cause what?
Hinhibits thirst Anti Dihretic Hormone ADH
51
What part of the Brain does the feedback loop for thirst happen?
Hypothalamus
52
What is hypohydration called
Hyponatremia
53
Salts, acids, and bases dissociate in water into
Electrolytes
54
Which of the flowing is not found in the renal corpuscle
Collecting duct
55
Which of the flowing would no0t contribute to a higher glomerular filtration rate?
Constriction of afferent arteriole
56
What is the correct order of structure through which urine would pass on its way from the nephron to excretion from the body
Collecting Duct Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis Ureter Bladder Internal urethral sphincter External Urethral sphincter
57
Plasma proteins are a vital contributor to the body's ability to maintain the acid-base balance. Why?
Their carboxyl group can act as a weak acid and their amino group can act as a weak base.
58
The majority of nutrients and/or electrolytes in the filtrate are reabsorbed in which part of the nephron?
Proximal convoluted tubule
59
Tubular secretion:
Removes solutes from the blood and secretes them directly into the urine. Can help to remove drugs from the blood, like morphine or aspirin. Is a process of active transport.
60
Which of the following is a source of metabolic water?
Aerobic cellular respiration
61
Which of the following constituents of filtrate is ordinarily reabsorbed completely (100%)
Glucose Amino acids
62
Drinking saltwater would have a similar effect on the fluid balance of the body as what other harmful condition?
Dehydration
63
The functional unit of the kidneys is the
Nephron
64
Micturition
Urination
65
Our major metabolic nitrogenous waste is:
Urea
66
Each kidney has approximately _____ nephrons
1 million
67
Under normal conditions calcium ions would be:
In greater concentration in the filtrate than in the urine.
68
The distribution of sodium and potassium ions between body cells and body fluids
K+ mainly in the cells; Na+ mainly in the extracellular fluids.
69
If the extracellular fluid becomes less concentrated with solutes than the intracellular fluid, water will move mostly in what direction until equilibrium is reached?
From the extracellular fluid into the intracellular fluid
70
The network of capillaries found in the renal cortex, surrounding the proximal and distal convoluted tubules are called...
Peritubular capillaries
71
The nephrons most involved in water reabsorption are the _____, and their loops of Henle extend deeper into the renal pyramids.
Juxtamedullary nephrons
72
The transition from an afferent arteriole to an efferent arteriole occurs in the ...
Glomerulus
73
Atrial Natriuretic peptide (ANP) inhibits _____ reabsorption by the collecting duct, which _____ urine output.
Na+; increases
74
T/F Aldosterone secretion increases the reabsorption of water
T
75
T/F The body's response to dehydration includes the thirst urge, and increased secretion of ADH.
T
76
T/F Holding you breath for long enough would eventually raise the pH of your blood.
F
77

BIO241 (6 decks)

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