Exam 5 Prep Flashcards
What is the purpose of the urinary system?
-To filter the blood of toxins, waists, and excess ions
-Regulate volume and composition of blood
-To maintain water and electrolyte balance
What are the three regions of the Kidneys
-Cortex
-Medulla
-Pelvis
Arterial blood entering the kidney contains:
Plasma proteins
Blood cells
Ions (Na+, K+, etc)
Nutrients
Oxygen
Wast products
Venous blood leaving the kidney should be carrying:
Nutrients and small amount of O2
The metabolic waste filtered and excreted by the Disney’s comes primarily from the breakdown of what food molecule?
Protein
What is the Nephrons?
Blood processing, urine forming filtration units
What are the two capillary beds of the Nephron?
1 Glomerulus
2 Peritubular Capillaries
What is the name of the fluid produced by the glomeruli that enters the nephrons?
Filtrate
What does Juxtaglomerular cell do?
Sense blood pressure and secrete renin
What does Macula Densa tubule cells sense?
Filtrate concentration
Glomerulus is a…
Filtration membrane- filter between blood and capsule
What are the 3 major kidney physiology?
Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
What percentage of fluid processed leaves the body?
> 1%
Filtration
Hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries forces water and other molecules through the glomerular filtration membrane.
Glomerular filtration rate
~125 mL/min
Renal auto regulation of the internal kidney pressure is done by…
Vasodilation of afferent arterioles
Feedback form blood vessels and juxtaglomerular apparatus
Three forms of GFR controle
Renal auto regulation
Neural control
Renin-angiotensin
What is the overall effect of the renin-angiotensin system?
Raise BP
Tubular reabsorption
Reclaiming of filtrate contents to blood
Absorptive capabilities vary in tubule regions
Tubular secretion
Disposal of drugs wastes potassium ions not already in filtrate
Controls/fine-tunes blood pH
The cleft in the kidney where nerves and blood easels connect to the kidney is called the…
Hilus
Smallest of the renal artery
Interlobular
The first part of the nephron tubule that collects the filtrate
Bowman’s capsule
In which of the major physiological processes of the kidney are the peritubular capillaries playing a major role?
Reabsorption and secretion
What enzyme or hormone is produced by the kidneys in response to low blood pressure?
Renin
Which of these do not directly control GFR
ADH
Approximately how much substance
99%
Which of the substances below can cross the glomerular filtration membrane but is not normally found in the urine?
Glucose
Abnormal Color or clarity can indicate
Food/drugs
Bile pigments,
Blood
Infection
Abnormal pH (normal 4.5-8) caused by
Diet
Retention
Infection
Abnormal specific gravity (normal 1.001-1.035)
Low: kidney malfunction
High: solute concentration
Urine is 95% water, what is the brake down of nitrogenous wastes that make up the remaining 5%?
Urea
Uris acids
Creatinine
Nutrients and other components that can be found in urine but shouldn’t fine are what and what can it mean if we do find it?
Glucose-sugar overload diabetes
Protein-exertion, trauma, disease
Ketones-starvation, diabetes
Blood/RBC-trauma, kidney stones, infection
Leukocytes/WBC-UTI
What is the Maximum renal clearance?
140 mL/min
GFR clearance per min
125 mL/min
Is urine more or less dense than water?
More Dense
What is the function of the ureters
To convey urine to bladder
What is the function of the bladder?
Temporary urine storage
How does the ureters convey urine to the bladder?
Via smooth muscle contraction
How is backflow prevented in the ureters?
By the filling of the bladder
What is the urethra
Tine muscular tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside of the body.
How long is the male and female urethra?
Male: 20 cm
Female: 3-4 cm
Types of UTI
Urethritis
Cystitis
Pyelonephritis
What is fluid, electrolyte, acid-base balance
Maintenance of homeostatic balance of bodily fluid
Fluid compartments in the body
Intracellular fluid: inside the cells
Extracellular fluid: outside the cells (plasma, interstitial fluid, lymph, CSF etc…)
Body fluid compartments
Intracellular fluid (67%)
Extracellular fluid (33%)
Interstitial fluid (80%)
Plasma (20%)
Other fluids
Extracellular ions
Na+ and Cl-
Intracellular Ions
K+ and P
What is the most important solvent within our bodies?
Water
Drop in plasma osmolality will cause what?
Hinhibits thirst
Anti Dihretic Hormone ADH
What part of the Brain does the feedback loop for thirst happen?
Hypothalamus
What is hypohydration called
Hyponatremia
Salts, acids, and bases dissociate in water into
Electrolytes
Which of the flowing is not found in the renal corpuscle
Collecting duct
Which of the flowing would no0t contribute to a higher glomerular filtration rate?
Constriction of afferent arteriole
What is the correct order of structure through which urine would pass on its way from the nephron to excretion from the body
Collecting Duct
Minor calyx
Major calyx
Renal pelvis
Ureter
Bladder
Internal urethral sphincter
External Urethral sphincter
Plasma proteins are a vital contributor to the body’s ability to maintain the acid-base balance. Why?
Their carboxyl group can act as a weak acid and their amino group can act as a weak base.
The majority of nutrients and/or electrolytes in the filtrate are reabsorbed in which part of the nephron?
Proximal convoluted tubule
Tubular secretion:
Removes solutes from the blood and secretes them directly into the urine.
Can help to remove drugs from the blood, like morphine or aspirin.
Is a process of active transport.
Which of the following is a source of metabolic water?
Aerobic cellular respiration
Which of the following constituents of filtrate is ordinarily reabsorbed completely (100%)
Glucose
Amino acids
Drinking saltwater would have a similar effect on the fluid balance of the body as what other harmful condition?
Dehydration
The functional unit of the kidneys is the
Nephron
Micturition
Urination
Our major metabolic nitrogenous waste is:
Urea
Each kidney has approximately _____ nephrons
1 million
Under normal conditions calcium ions would be:
In greater concentration in the filtrate than in the urine.
The distribution of sodium and potassium ions between body cells and body fluids
K+ mainly in the cells; Na+ mainly in the extracellular fluids.
If the extracellular fluid becomes less concentrated with solutes than the intracellular fluid, water will move mostly in what direction until equilibrium is reached?
From the extracellular fluid into the intracellular fluid
The network of capillaries found in the renal cortex, surrounding the proximal and distal convoluted tubules are called…
Peritubular capillaries
The nephrons most involved in water reabsorption are the _____, and their loops of Henle extend deeper into the renal pyramids.
Juxtamedullary nephrons
The transition from an afferent arteriole to an efferent arteriole occurs in the …
Glomerulus
Atrial Natriuretic peptide (ANP) inhibits _____ reabsorption by the collecting duct, which _____ urine output.
Na+; increases
T/F Aldosterone secretion increases the reabsorption of water
T
T/F The body’s response to dehydration includes the thirst urge, and increased secretion of ADH.
T
T/F Holding you breath for long enough would eventually raise the pH of your blood.
F
