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PSYCH 101 > MId-term 3 > Flashcards

MId-term 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between a critical period and a sensitive period?

A

Critical Period: you have to do it NOW, or you many never be able to

Sensitive Period: you should do it now, but if you don’t, you can still learn (Ex: language)

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2
Q

Describe “endogenous”. (nature vs nurture) ***

A

biological programmes unfolding (maturation)

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3
Q

Describe “exogenous”. (nature vs nurture)

A

experiences have greater impact

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4
Q

Is the X or Y chromosome larger?

A

X

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5
Q

What chromosome are recessive genes carried on?

A

X chromosome

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6
Q

About how many human genes are there?

A

30,000

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7
Q

Describe the Zygote stage. When does it occur and what happens during this stage? ***

A

First 2 weeks
- Implantation occurs
- Starts to divide

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8
Q

Describe the Embryonic stage. When does it occur and what happens during this stage? ***

A

Weeks 3 to 8
- Rapid cell growth and cell differentiation
- Amniotic sac and umbilical cord
- Teratogens can begin to impact development

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9
Q

Describe the Fetal stage. When does it occur and what happens during this stage? ***

A

Week 8 to birth
- End month 3: moves arms, legs, mouth, head
- Month 4: development quickening
- Month 5: essentially all brain cells
- Month 6: brain activity similar to newborns

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10
Q

What are 2 characteristics of a competent newborn?

A

Good reflexes
Keenly attuned

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11
Q

Describe 5 physical developments of an infant.

A
  1. At birth, brain is 25% of adult weight
  2. Essentially all neurons are there
  3. Dendrites increase dramatically over first 2 years
  4. Neuronal axons require myelin
  5. Basic sequence of motor development is universal
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12
Q

What are 2 trends in infant development? ***

A

Cephalocaudal (Head to Tail)
Proximodistal (close to far)

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of infant temperaments?

A

Easy
Difficult
Slow to warm up

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14
Q

What are the 3 dimensions of infant temperament?

A

Action
Emotion ***
Attention

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15
Q

Describe the 4 factors of emotion in infant temperament. ***

A

Soothability
Fearful distress
Irritable distress
Positive affect

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16
Q

What is the “Strange Situation” procedure?

A

Parent and child are alone in room
Child explore room with parental supervision
Stranger enters room, talks to parent, approaches child
Parent quietly leaves (2x)
Parent returns – Reunion (2x)

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17
Q

Describe the characteristics of a secure attachment style in an infant.

A

Cry when separated
Actively seek comfort
Infant uses attachment figure as “secure base”

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18
Q

Describe the characteristics of an insecure attachment style in an infant.

A

Avoidant
Resistant
Disorganized / disoriented

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19
Q

What are the 4 types of parenting styles (originally)?

A

Permissive - Indifferent: low control and responsiveness

Permissive - Indulgent: low control and high responsiveness

Authoritarian: High control and low responsiveness

Authoritative high control and responsiveness

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20
Q

What are the the dimensions of parenting styles (reconceptualized)?

A

Behavioral control
Psychological control
Acceptance

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21
Q

What is the difference between Assimilation and Accommodation? ***

A

Assimilation: schema already exists
Accommodation: create a new schema
- Ex: sucking schema → new object → assimilate by putting in mouth → realize it’s not meant to be in mouth→ accommodation

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22
Q

What are the 4 stages of Piaget’s Theory?

A
  1. Sensorimotor Stage
  2. Pre-operational Stage
  3. Concrete Operational Stage
  4. Formal Operational Stage
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23
Q

Describe the Sensorimotor Stage. Age(s)?

A

Birth to age 2
- Sensing and manipulating objects
- Object permanence

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24
Q

Describe the Pre-Operational Stage. Age(s)?

A

2 to 7 years
- Symbolic thought
- Egocentrism
- Irreversibility
- Centration

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25
Q

Describe the Concrete Operational Stage. Age(s)?

A

7 to 11 years
- Conversation

26
Q

Describe the Formal Operational Stage. Age(s)?

A

11 years and up

27
Q

What are the 5 types of language?

A

Creative
Structured
Meaningful
Referential
Interpersonal

28
Q

Describe creative language.

A

generative

29
Q

Describe structured language. (2 types)

A

Prescriptive: rules for properly speaking language
Descriptive: how language is actually used

30
Q

Describe meaningful language.

A

describes concepts

31
Q

Describe referntial language.

A

topic need not be present

32
Q

Describe interpersonal language.

A

done with others

33
Q

Describe the hierarchy of language.

A

phonemes → morphemes → words → phrases → sentences → syntax

34
Q

Describe a phoneme.

A

basic language sounds (40 in english)

35
Q

Describe a morpheme.

A

smallest meaningful chunks
Ex: Work-er-s

36
Q

Syntax vs Semantics

A

Syntax (arrangement)
Semantics (word meaning)

37
Q

What is that baby voice called?

A

Infant-Direct Speech (“motherese”)

38
Q

What 2 language developments occur in early infancy?

A

Recognition of Phonemes
Crying

39
Q

What language developments occur during throughout development?

A

Shared attention → Follow pointing or gaze

Comprehension vs Production → Cannot tell what they need, but they comprehend language

Turn Taking

40
Q

What are 3 milestones in language development?

A

Cooing (3 mo)
Babbling (5 mo)
Focus on phonemes (9 mo)

41
Q

Describe the “One Word Speaker”.

A

1 year
Concrete object/activity/familiar person
Accompanied by gestures

42
Q

Describe the Telegraphic or “Two Word Speaker”.

A

2 years
Beginning to combine words
Use of appropriate grammar

43
Q

Describe the “Speaker of Sentences”.

A

30 mo
Rapid increase
Longer utterances
Proper verb forms

44
Q

List examples of overgeneralization in language. (Children do this)

A

“runned”, “eated”, “holded”

45
Q

What are 2 disorders caused by specific cortical lesions? ***

A

Receptive Aphasia
Expressive Aphasia

46
Q

Describe Receptive Aphasia. ***

A

Loss of language - partial or total
Difficulties finding/articulating words
Occurs in Broca’s Area (Frontal Lobe)

47
Q

Describe Expressive Aphasia. ***

A

Loss of language comprehension
Hear but do not recognize
Occurs in Wernicke’s Area (Temporal Lobe)

48
Q

Describe the physical changes that occur during puberty. ***

A

Development of secondary sexual characteristics
Influenced largely by the pituitary gland

49
Q

Describe the brain/cognition changes that occur during puberty. ***

A

Increasing myelination

Synaptic pruning, including dopamine
- Get rid of synapses that are not used as often
- Brain becomes more efficient

Prefrontal cortex development
Increased risk taking
Increased abstract thinking

50
Q

What is early puberty in girls associated with? (4 things) ***

A

Depression risk
Eating disorder risk
Teen pregnancy
Substance use/abuse

51
Q

What is precocious puberty? ***

A

Puberty that occurs before age 8

52
Q

What did Sigmund Freud focus on? ***

A

Sex and agression

53
Q

What are the 3 structures of personality according to Freud? Briefly describe them.

A

Id - Libido and Pleasure
Ego - Reality
Superego - Morality

54
Q

Describe repression. ***

A

complete exclusion from consciousness

55
Q

Describe projection. ***

A

attributing to others

56
Q

Describe Reaction Formation. ***

A

acting or behaving in the extreme opposite

57
Q

Describe Sublimation. ***

A

rechanneling to a socially acceptable alternative

58
Q

What is sexual latency? ***

A

Age 7 to 11
Kids repress sexuality → sublimation to redirect sexual desires

59
Q

What are the psychosexual stages?

A

First 2 years (oral, anal, phallic)
Fixation
Oedipal Conflict
Last 2 stages (Latency … Genital)

60
Q

What is actualizing tendency?

A

Every person has the urge to become fullest and best self

61
Q

What is your ideal self? ***

A

own expectations of who you want to be

PSYCH 101 (4 decks)

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