MId-term 3 Flashcards by Naomi Santiago

What is the difference between a critical period and a sensitive period?

Critical Period: you have to do it NOW, or you many never be able to

Sensitive Period: you should do it now, but if you don’t, you can still learn (Ex: language)

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Describe “endogenous”. (nature vs nurture) ***

biological programmes unfolding (maturation)

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Describe “exogenous”. (nature vs nurture)

experiences have greater impact

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Is the X or Y chromosome larger?

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What chromosome are recessive genes carried on?

X chromosome

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About how many human genes are there?

30,000

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Describe the Zygote stage. When does it occur and what happens during this stage? ***

First 2 weeks
- Implantation occurs
- Starts to divide

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Describe the Embryonic stage. When does it occur and what happens during this stage? ***

Weeks 3 to 8
- Rapid cell growth and cell differentiation
- Amniotic sac and umbilical cord
- Teratogens can begin to impact development

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Describe the Fetal stage. When does it occur and what happens during this stage? ***

Week 8 to birth
- End month 3: moves arms, legs, mouth, head
- Month 4: development quickening
- Month 5: essentially all brain cells
- Month 6: brain activity similar to newborns

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What are 2 characteristics of a competent newborn?

Good reflexes
Keenly attuned

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Describe 5 physical developments of an infant.

At birth, brain is 25% of adult weight
Essentially all neurons are there
Dendrites increase dramatically over first 2 years
Neuronal axons require myelin
Basic sequence of motor development is universal

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What are 2 trends in infant development? ***

Cephalocaudal (Head to Tail)
Proximodistal (close to far)

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What are the 3 types of infant temperaments?

Easy
Difficult
Slow to warm up

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What are the 3 dimensions of infant temperament?

Action
Emotion ***
Attention

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Describe the 4 factors of emotion in infant temperament. ***

Soothability
Fearful distress
Irritable distress
Positive affect

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What is the “Strange Situation” procedure?

Parent and child are alone in room
Child explore room with parental supervision
Stranger enters room, talks to parent, approaches child
Parent quietly leaves (2x)
Parent returns – Reunion (2x)

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Describe the characteristics of a secure attachment style in an infant.

Cry when separated
Actively seek comfort
Infant uses attachment figure as “secure base”

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Describe the characteristics of an insecure attachment style in an infant.

Avoidant
Resistant
Disorganized / disoriented

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What are the 4 types of parenting styles (originally)?

Permissive - Indifferent: low control and responsiveness

Permissive - Indulgent: low control and high responsiveness

Authoritarian: High control and low responsiveness

Authoritative high control and responsiveness

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What are the the dimensions of parenting styles (reconceptualized)?

Behavioral control
Psychological control
Acceptance

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What is the difference between Assimilation and Accommodation? ***

Assimilation: schema already exists
Accommodation: create a new schema
- Ex: sucking schema → new object → assimilate by putting in mouth → realize it’s not meant to be in mouth→ accommodation

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What are the 4 stages of Piaget’s Theory?

Sensorimotor Stage
Pre-operational Stage
Concrete Operational Stage
Formal Operational Stage

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Describe the Sensorimotor Stage. Age(s)?

Birth to age 2
- Sensing and manipulating objects
- Object permanence

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Describe the Pre-Operational Stage. Age(s)?

2 to 7 years
- Symbolic thought
- Egocentrism
- Irreversibility
- Centration

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Describe the Concrete Operational Stage. Age(s)?

7 to 11 years - Conversation

Describe the Formal Operational Stage. Age(s)?

11 years and up

What are the 5 types of language?

Creative Structured Meaningful Referential Interpersonal

Describe creative language.

generative

Describe structured language. (2 types)

Prescriptive: rules for properly speaking language Descriptive: how language is actually used

Describe meaningful language.

describes concepts

Describe referntial language.

topic need not be present

Describe interpersonal language.

done with others

Describe the hierarchy of language.

phonemes → morphemes → words → phrases → sentences → syntax

Describe a phoneme.

basic language sounds (40 in english)

Describe a morpheme.

smallest meaningful chunks Ex: Work-er-s

Syntax vs Semantics

Syntax (arrangement) Semantics (word meaning)

What is that baby voice called?

Infant-Direct Speech ("motherese")

What 2 language developments occur in early infancy?

Recognition of Phonemes Crying

What language developments occur during throughout development?

Shared attention → Follow pointing or gaze Comprehension vs Production → Cannot tell what they need, but they comprehend language Turn Taking

What are 3 milestones in language development?

Cooing (3 mo) Babbling (5 mo) Focus on phonemes (9 mo)

Describe the "One Word Speaker".

1 year Concrete object/activity/familiar person Accompanied by gestures

Describe the Telegraphic or "Two Word Speaker".

2 years Beginning to combine words Use of appropriate grammar

Describe the "Speaker of Sentences".

30 mo Rapid increase Longer utterances Proper verb forms

List examples of overgeneralization in language. (Children do this)

“runned”, “eated”, “holded”

What are 2 disorders caused by specific cortical lesions? ***

Receptive Aphasia Expressive Aphasia

Describe Receptive Aphasia. ***

Loss of language - partial or total Difficulties finding/articulating words Occurs in Broca’s Area (Frontal Lobe)

Describe Expressive Aphasia. ***

Loss of language comprehension Hear but do not recognize Occurs in Wernicke’s Area (Temporal Lobe)

Describe the physical changes that occur during puberty. ***

Development of secondary sexual characteristics Influenced largely by the pituitary gland

Describe the brain/cognition changes that occur during puberty. ***

Increasing myelination Synaptic pruning, including dopamine - Get rid of synapses that are not used as often - Brain becomes more efficient Prefrontal cortex development Increased risk taking Increased abstract thinking

What is early puberty in girls associated with? (4 things) ***

Depression risk Eating disorder risk Teen pregnancy Substance use/abuse

What is precocious puberty? ***

Puberty that occurs before age 8

What did Sigmund Freud focus on? ***

Sex and agression

What are the 3 structures of personality according to Freud? Briefly describe them.

Id - Libido and Pleasure Ego - Reality Superego - Morality

Describe repression. ***

complete exclusion from consciousness

Describe projection. ***

attributing to others

Describe Reaction Formation. ***

acting or behaving in the extreme opposite

Describe Sublimation. ***

rechanneling to a socially acceptable alternative

What is sexual latency? ***

Age 7 to 11 Kids repress sexuality → sublimation to redirect sexual desires

What are the psychosexual stages?

First 2 years (oral, anal, phallic) Fixation Oedipal Conflict Last 2 stages (Latency ... Genital)

What is actualizing tendency?

Every person has the urge to become fullest and best self

What is your ideal self? ***

own expectations of who you want to be