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PSYCH 101 > MId-term 2 > Flashcards

MId-term 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s the difference between associative and non associative learning?

A

Associative - linking 2 stimuli together (Ex: recognizing smell of food)
Non associative - 1 stimuli

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2
Q

What are the types of non associative learning? Describe them. ***

A

Habituation: decrease in responding (ex: losing interest in a toy)
Sensitization: increase in response (ex: scared of a noise)

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3
Q

What is classical conditioning? ***

A

How we come to associate 2 things in an environment

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4
Q

In pavlov’s experiment, what were the unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response?

A

meat powder –> salivating

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5
Q

In pavlov’s experiment, what was the neutral stimulus?

A

seeing experimenter –> no response

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6
Q

In pavlov’s experiment, what were the conditioned stimulus and conditioned response?

A

seeing experimenter –> salivating

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7
Q

What are the factors that affect classical conditioning?

A

Timing
Stimulus Generalization
Stimulus Discrimination
Extinction
Spontaneous Recovery

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8
Q

What is the best timing for classical conditioning?

A

when the neutral stimulus immediately proceeds unconditioned stimulus

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9
Q

What is stimulus generalization?

A

response to similar stimuli

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10
Q

What is stimulus discrimination?

A

response to specific stimuli and not others

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11
Q

What is extinction?

A

gradual weakening/disappearance of a conditioned response

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12
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction

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13
Q

What is operant conditioning? ***

A

How the consequences of our own behavior shape our behavior moving forward (not biologically based)

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14
Q

What is positive reinforcement? ***

A

addition of reinforcement

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15
Q

What is negative reinforcement? ***

A

removal of punishing stimulus

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16
Q

What is punishment by application? ***

A

addition of a punishing stimulus

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17
Q

What is punishment by removal? ***

A

removal of reinforcing stimulus

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18
Q

What is a discriminative stimulus?

A

indicates response should lead to reinforcement

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19
Q

What is shaping?

A

reinforcing successive approximations toward goal behavior

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20
Q

What are the downsides to punishment? ***

A

Kids don’t know why they are being punished
Unwelcome side effects (ex: negative relationships)
Loses effectiveness over time

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21
Q

What are alternatives to punishment?

A

Stop reinforcing problem behavior (Extinction)
Time Out (Remove opportunity for positive reinforcement)
Reinforce non-occurrence of problem behavior (Positive reinforcement)
Reinforce an incompatible behavior (Positive reinforcement)

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21
Q

What are the types of partial reinforcement schedules?

A

Fixed Ratio
Variable Ratio
Fixed Interval
Variable Interval

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22
Q

Describe a fixed ratio and its effectiveness.

A

reinforcement is based on the number of predetermined occurrences of behavior –> behaviors changes at rapid rate

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23
Q

Describe a fixed interval and its effectiveness.

A

reinforcement based on predetermined time –> behavior increases at moderate rate

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23
Q

Describe a interval ratio and its effectiveness.

A

reinforcement is random in relation to occurrences of behavior –> behaviors tends not to extinguish

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24
Q

Describe a variable interval and its effectiveness.

A

Reinforcement occurs at an unpredictable time (Gambler’s schedule) –> Behavior changes not desired

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25
Q

What is latent learning? ***

A

Learning that is not demonstrated by an immediately observable change in behavior
Lacks reinforcement!!!

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26
Q

What are the steps to observational learning? ***

A

Pay attention
Remember
Reproduce
Motivation

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27
Q

What is biological preparedness?

A

innate predisposition to learn certain connections / associations (ex: phobias of insects more common than cars)

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28
Q

What is instinctive drift?

A

tendency to revert to instinctive behavior

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29
Q

What is template learning?

A

learning that depends on a certain type of perceptual experience during a critical time in development
Ex: language learning

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30
Q

What is acquisition?

A

In pavlovian conditioning: the process of learning to associate a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus

In operant conditioning: the process of learning to associate responses with a reinforcer or punisher

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31
Q

What is delayed conditioning?

A

learning that takes place when the conditioned stimulus is presented just before the unconditioned stimulus is presented and continues until the organism begins responding to the unconditioned stimulus

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32
Q

What is simultaneous conditioning?

A

learning that takes place when presentation of the conditioned stimulus is presented at the same time as the unconditioned stimulus

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33
Q

What is trace conditioning?

A

learning that takes place when presentation of the conditioned stimulus begins and ends before the unconditioned stimulus is presented

34
Q

What is backward conditioning?

A

presenting the unconditioned stimulus prior to the conditioned stimulus (Results in little to no conditioning)

35
Q

What is second order conditioning?

A

a learned association between two conditioned stimuli that can occur following conditioning to CS1 and an unconditioned stimulus

36
Q

What is the Law of Effect?

A

behavior followed by reinforcement will be strengthened, whereas behavior followed by punishment will weaken

37
Q

What is escape conditioning?

A

learning that takes place when an organism performs a response that will terminate an aversive stimulus

38
Q

What is avoidance conditioning?

A

the learning of a response to a discriminative stimulus that allows an organism to avoid exposure to an aversive stimulus

39
Q

What is a primary reinforcer?

A

a stimulus that satisfies a biological need (ex: hunger, sleep)

40
Q

What is a conditioned reinforcer?

A

a stimulus that takes on reinforcing properties after being associated with a primary reinforcer

41
Q

What is a continuous reinforcer schedule?

A

presentation of a reinforcer for each occurrence of a specific behavior

42
Q

What is the partial reinforcement effect?

A

behaviors that are acquired on partial instead of continuous reinforcement schedule tend to be established more slowly but are more persistent when no reinforcement is provided

43
Q

What are the parts of the information processing model?

A

encoding
storage
retrieval

44
Q

Sensory Memory - Describe its capacity, duration, and function.

A

Large capacity
0.5 sec (iconic) 2-3 sec (echoic)
Briefly stores impressions so they overlap and appear continuous

45
Q

Short Term Memory - Describe its capacity, duration, and function. ***

A

Capacity +7 or -2
30 seconds
Temporary storage for information in use (“working memory”)

46
Q

Long Term Memory - Describe its capacity, duration, and function.

A

Limitless capacity
Years
Storing huge quantities of information, experiences, skills

47
Q

What are the two types of long term memory? Describe them.

A

Implicit: unavailable to conscious awareness but contribute to explicit memories
Explicit: recalled through conscious effort

48
Q

What are the types of implicit memory? Describe them.

A

Procedural - “how to”
Classically conditioned - fears and attitudes

49
Q

What are the types of explicit memory? Describe them.

A

Episodic: autobiographical
Semantic: your knowledge base (everything but yourself)

50
Q

What are the types of processing?

A

effortful and automatic

51
Q

What is a retrieval cue?

A

a prompt or hint

52
Q

What is a retrieval cue failure?

A

lack of cues –> inability to recall

53
Q

What are the causes of childhood amnesia? ***

A

Neurons are not well developed → not good at encoding information
Poor storage
Changed environment → Lack retrieval cues

54
Q

What is a schema?

A

structure with everything you know about a topic
Best way to learn/remember is to connect information with scheme “schema-based memory”

55
Q

What are the types of retrieval? Provide examples of them.

A

Recall: No retrieval code
Ex: write everything you’ve learned in the past 3 weeks on a blank piece of paper

Cued recall: Provides a retrieval code
Ex: short answer response

Recognition
Ex: true or false; multiple choice

56
Q

What are factors that impact retrieval?

A

Serial Position Effect
Encoding Specificity
Context Effect
State Dependence
Mood Dependence

57
Q

Describe serial position effect.

A

most likely to remember first and last things on a list

58
Q

Describe the context effect.

A

study everyday in the library everyday → more likely to remember info when in the library

59
Q

Describe state dependence.

A

When in a physiological state → more likely to remember when in this state

60
Q

Describe mood dependence.

A

information encoded when you were in a particular mood → more likely to remember when in that mood state

61
Q

What are 5 factors in forgetting?

A

Encoding failure
Interference
Motivated forgetting
Decay theory
Amnesia

62
Q

What are the two types of interference? Describe them. ***

A

Retroactive: new memory interferes with an old memory
Proactive: old information interferes with learning new information

63
Q

What are the two types of motivated forgetting? Describe them.

A

Suppression: consciously choosing to forget a memory because it is unpleasant
Repression: unconsciously pushing away a memory because it is too painful

64
Q

Describe decay theory?

A

Due to metabolic processes in the brain, memories fade away due to natural metabolism

65
Q

What are the two types of amnesia? Describe them.

A

Retrograde: you cannot remember past
Anterograde: you cannot develop new memories

66
Q

What is the Misinformation Effect?

A

Misinformation after a memory can change a memory

67
Q

Describe the Ebbinghaus forgetting curve.

A

Most occurs within 24 hours and then levels off

68
Q

What is subliminal perception?

A

The perception of and reaction to a brief/faint stimulus; occurs subconsciously

69
Q

What is Declarative Memory?

A

recall specific facts
explicit memory

70
Q

What is the dual code of memory?

A

theory that memories may be stored in sensory codes or verbal codes

71
Q

What is Eidetic Imagery (Photographic Memory)?

A

ability to retain large amounts of visual material with great accuracy for several minutes

72
Q

What is clustering?

A

mnemonic device that involves grouping items into categories

73
Q

What are acrostics?

A

sentences whose first letters serve as cues for recalling specific information

74
Q

What is maintenance rehearsal?

A

system for remembering that involves repeatedly rehearsing information without finding meaning in it

75
Q

What is elaborative rehearsal?

A

system for remembering that involves mnemonic devices (more effective than maintenance rehearsal)

76
Q

What is a flashbulb memory?

A

apparent vivid recall for an event associated with extreme emotion or uniqueness

77
Q

What is organic amnesia?

A

memory deficits caused by physiology of the brain

78
Q

What are two common sleep events?

A

Hypnagogic Hallucinations
Myoclonic Jerk

79
Q

Stage 1 Sleep - Describe the EEG activity, level of arousal, body position, type of sleep, and the amount of time in stage.

A

Waves small / irregular
Easily aroused
Relaxed
Transitions
5-15 minutes

80
Q

REM Sleep - Describe the EEG activity, level of arousal, body position, type of sleep, and the amount of time in stage.

A

Waves similar to stage 2
Arousal similar to stage 2
Very little muscle tone
True
5-40 minutes

81
Q

Stage 3 Sleep - Describe the EEG activity, level of arousal, body position, type of sleep, and the amount of time in stage.

A

Sleep spindles evident
Slight sounds won’t arouse
Relaxed
True
20-40 minutes

82
Q

Stage 4 Sleep - Describe the EEG activity, level of arousal, body position, type of sleep, and the amount of time in stage.

A

Delta waves evident (20% of EEG)
Difficult to arouse
Breathing/pulse slow; relaxed
Transition
5-10 minutes

83
Q

Stage 5 Sleep - Describe the EEG activity, level of arousal, body position, type of sleep, and the amount of time in stage.

A

Delta waves predominate (40%)
Very difficult
Breathing/pulse slow; most relaxed
True
20-40 minutes`

84
Q
A

PSYCH 101 (4 decks)

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