MId-term 2 Flashcards
What’s the difference between associative and non associative learning?
Associative - linking 2 stimuli together (Ex: recognizing smell of food)
Non associative - 1 stimuli
What are the types of non associative learning? Describe them. ***
Habituation: decrease in responding (ex: losing interest in a toy)
Sensitization: increase in response (ex: scared of a noise)
What is classical conditioning? ***
How we come to associate 2 things in an environment
In pavlov’s experiment, what were the unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response?
meat powder –> salivating
In pavlov’s experiment, what was the neutral stimulus?
seeing experimenter –> no response
In pavlov’s experiment, what were the conditioned stimulus and conditioned response?
seeing experimenter –> salivating
What are the factors that affect classical conditioning?
Timing
Stimulus Generalization
Stimulus Discrimination
Extinction
Spontaneous Recovery
What is the best timing for classical conditioning?
when the neutral stimulus immediately proceeds unconditioned stimulus
What is stimulus generalization?
response to similar stimuli
What is stimulus discrimination?
response to specific stimuli and not others
What is extinction?
gradual weakening/disappearance of a conditioned response
What is spontaneous recovery?
reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction
What is operant conditioning? ***
How the consequences of our own behavior shape our behavior moving forward (not biologically based)
What is positive reinforcement? ***
addition of reinforcement
What is negative reinforcement? ***
removal of punishing stimulus
What is punishment by application? ***
addition of a punishing stimulus
What is punishment by removal? ***
removal of reinforcing stimulus
What is a discriminative stimulus?
indicates response should lead to reinforcement
What is shaping?
reinforcing successive approximations toward goal behavior
What are the downsides to punishment? ***
Kids don’t know why they are being punished
Unwelcome side effects (ex: negative relationships)
Loses effectiveness over time
What are alternatives to punishment?
Stop reinforcing problem behavior (Extinction)
Time Out (Remove opportunity for positive reinforcement)
Reinforce non-occurrence of problem behavior (Positive reinforcement)
Reinforce an incompatible behavior (Positive reinforcement)
What are the types of partial reinforcement schedules?
Fixed Ratio
Variable Ratio
Fixed Interval
Variable Interval
Describe a fixed ratio and its effectiveness.
reinforcement is based on the number of predetermined occurrences of behavior –> behaviors changes at rapid rate
Describe a fixed interval and its effectiveness.
reinforcement based on predetermined time –> behavior increases at moderate rate
Describe a interval ratio and its effectiveness.
reinforcement is random in relation to occurrences of behavior –> behaviors tends not to extinguish
Describe a variable interval and its effectiveness.
Reinforcement occurs at an unpredictable time (Gambler’s schedule) –> Behavior changes not desired
What is latent learning? ***
Learning that is not demonstrated by an immediately observable change in behavior
Lacks reinforcement!!!
What are the steps to observational learning? ***
Pay attention
Remember
Reproduce
Motivation
What is biological preparedness?
innate predisposition to learn certain connections / associations (ex: phobias of insects more common than cars)
What is instinctive drift?
tendency to revert to instinctive behavior
What is template learning?
learning that depends on a certain type of perceptual experience during a critical time in development
Ex: language learning
What is acquisition?
In pavlovian conditioning: the process of learning to associate a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
In operant conditioning: the process of learning to associate responses with a reinforcer or punisher
What is delayed conditioning?
learning that takes place when the conditioned stimulus is presented just before the unconditioned stimulus is presented and continues until the organism begins responding to the unconditioned stimulus
What is simultaneous conditioning?
learning that takes place when presentation of the conditioned stimulus is presented at the same time as the unconditioned stimulus
What is trace conditioning?
learning that takes place when presentation of the conditioned stimulus begins and ends before the unconditioned stimulus is presented
What is backward conditioning?
presenting the unconditioned stimulus prior to the conditioned stimulus (Results in little to no conditioning)
What is second order conditioning?
a learned association between two conditioned stimuli that can occur following conditioning to CS1 and an unconditioned stimulus
What is the Law of Effect?
behavior followed by reinforcement will be strengthened, whereas behavior followed by punishment will weaken
What is escape conditioning?
learning that takes place when an organism performs a response that will terminate an aversive stimulus
What is avoidance conditioning?
the learning of a response to a discriminative stimulus that allows an organism to avoid exposure to an aversive stimulus
What is a primary reinforcer?
a stimulus that satisfies a biological need (ex: hunger, sleep)
What is a conditioned reinforcer?
a stimulus that takes on reinforcing properties after being associated with a primary reinforcer
What is a continuous reinforcer schedule?
presentation of a reinforcer for each occurrence of a specific behavior
What is the partial reinforcement effect?
behaviors that are acquired on partial instead of continuous reinforcement schedule tend to be established more slowly but are more persistent when no reinforcement is provided
What are the parts of the information processing model?
encoding
storage
retrieval
Sensory Memory - Describe its capacity, duration, and function.
Large capacity
0.5 sec (iconic) 2-3 sec (echoic)
Briefly stores impressions so they overlap and appear continuous
Short Term Memory - Describe its capacity, duration, and function. ***
Capacity +7 or -2
30 seconds
Temporary storage for information in use (“working memory”)
Long Term Memory - Describe its capacity, duration, and function.
Limitless capacity
Years
Storing huge quantities of information, experiences, skills
What are the two types of long term memory? Describe them.
Implicit: unavailable to conscious awareness but contribute to explicit memories
Explicit: recalled through conscious effort
What are the types of implicit memory? Describe them.
Procedural - “how to”
Classically conditioned - fears and attitudes
What are the types of explicit memory? Describe them.
Episodic: autobiographical
Semantic: your knowledge base (everything but yourself)
What are the types of processing?
effortful and automatic
What is a retrieval cue?
a prompt or hint
What is a retrieval cue failure?
lack of cues –> inability to recall
What are the causes of childhood amnesia? ***
Neurons are not well developed → not good at encoding information
Poor storage
Changed environment → Lack retrieval cues
What is a schema?
structure with everything you know about a topic
Best way to learn/remember is to connect information with scheme “schema-based memory”
What are the types of retrieval? Provide examples of them.
Recall: No retrieval code
Ex: write everything you’ve learned in the past 3 weeks on a blank piece of paper
Cued recall: Provides a retrieval code
Ex: short answer response
Recognition
Ex: true or false; multiple choice
What are factors that impact retrieval?
Serial Position Effect
Encoding Specificity
Context Effect
State Dependence
Mood Dependence
Describe serial position effect.
most likely to remember first and last things on a list
Describe the context effect.
study everyday in the library everyday → more likely to remember info when in the library
Describe state dependence.
When in a physiological state → more likely to remember when in this state
Describe mood dependence.
information encoded when you were in a particular mood → more likely to remember when in that mood state
What are 5 factors in forgetting?
Encoding failure
Interference
Motivated forgetting
Decay theory
Amnesia
What are the two types of interference? Describe them. ***
Retroactive: new memory interferes with an old memory
Proactive: old information interferes with learning new information
What are the two types of motivated forgetting? Describe them.
Suppression: consciously choosing to forget a memory because it is unpleasant
Repression: unconsciously pushing away a memory because it is too painful
Describe decay theory?
Due to metabolic processes in the brain, memories fade away due to natural metabolism
What are the two types of amnesia? Describe them.
Retrograde: you cannot remember past
Anterograde: you cannot develop new memories
What is the Misinformation Effect?
Misinformation after a memory can change a memory
Describe the Ebbinghaus forgetting curve.
Most occurs within 24 hours and then levels off
What is subliminal perception?
The perception of and reaction to a brief/faint stimulus; occurs subconsciously
What is Declarative Memory?
recall specific facts
explicit memory
What is the dual code of memory?
theory that memories may be stored in sensory codes or verbal codes
What is Eidetic Imagery (Photographic Memory)?
ability to retain large amounts of visual material with great accuracy for several minutes
What is clustering?
mnemonic device that involves grouping items into categories
What are acrostics?
sentences whose first letters serve as cues for recalling specific information
What is maintenance rehearsal?
system for remembering that involves repeatedly rehearsing information without finding meaning in it
What is elaborative rehearsal?
system for remembering that involves mnemonic devices (more effective than maintenance rehearsal)
What is a flashbulb memory?
apparent vivid recall for an event associated with extreme emotion or uniqueness
What is organic amnesia?
memory deficits caused by physiology of the brain
What are two common sleep events?
Hypnagogic Hallucinations
Myoclonic Jerk
Stage 1 Sleep - Describe the EEG activity, level of arousal, body position, type of sleep, and the amount of time in stage.
Waves small / irregular
Easily aroused
Relaxed
Transitions
5-15 minutes
REM Sleep - Describe the EEG activity, level of arousal, body position, type of sleep, and the amount of time in stage.
Waves similar to stage 2
Arousal similar to stage 2
Very little muscle tone
True
5-40 minutes
Stage 3 Sleep - Describe the EEG activity, level of arousal, body position, type of sleep, and the amount of time in stage.
Sleep spindles evident
Slight sounds won’t arouse
Relaxed
True
20-40 minutes
Stage 4 Sleep - Describe the EEG activity, level of arousal, body position, type of sleep, and the amount of time in stage.
Delta waves evident (20% of EEG)
Difficult to arouse
Breathing/pulse slow; relaxed
Transition
5-10 minutes
Stage 5 Sleep - Describe the EEG activity, level of arousal, body position, type of sleep, and the amount of time in stage.
Delta waves predominate (40%)
Very difficult
Breathing/pulse slow; most relaxed
True
20-40 minutes`
