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PSYCH 101 > Final Exam (partial) > Flashcards

Final Exam (partial) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is social cognition?

A

study of how people make sense in our social world

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2
Q

What is social influence?

A

the impact of others on our own behavior

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3
Q

What are the 4 aspects of social cognition?

A
  1. Forming impressions of other
  2. Social categorization (putting people in groups)
  3. Implicit Personality theories
  4. Physical attractiveness
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4
Q

What 2 things affect our impression of others?

A
  1. person perception
  2. basic principles
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4
Q

What is an attribution?

A

the thing you attribute someones behavior to

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5
Q

Describe Fundamental Attribution Error. ***

A

Tendency to overestimate people’s disposition / internal factors but underestimate external factors

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6
Q

Describe Actor-Observer Discrepancy. ***

A

Attribute internal disposition for others, but external disposition for self

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7
Q

Describe Self-Serving Bias. ***

A

When positive happen to self –> internal attribution
Negative thing happens to self –> external attribution

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8
Q

When does behavior lead to attitudes? ***

A

When there is cognitive dissonance

To resolve, attitudes are changed to be consistent with behavior or other attitudes

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9
Q

When to attitudes lead to behavior?

A

Frequently expressed
Direct experience
Being knowledgeable
When a favorable outcome is anticipated

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9
Q

What is the out-group homogeneity effect?

A

belief that those in the out-group are all alike

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10
Q

What is in-group bias?

A

belief that those in the in-group are superior

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10
Q

What is Realistic Conflict Theory?

A

states that the history of conflict determines degree of prejudice

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11
Q

What are the 3 aspects of Social Identity Theory?

A
  1. social categorization (group affiliation)
  2. social identity (fitting in)
  3. social comparison (superiority)
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12
Q

What does group pressure result in?

A

conformity

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13
Q

What are 2 reasons for conformity? Describe them.

A

Normative Social Influence - conforming to be liked

Informational Social influence - conforming because they don’t trust their own perception

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14
Q

What is the obedience paradigm?

A

Experiment by Stanley Milgram
Teachers shocking students for incorrect answers –> How far are people willing to go to be obedient?

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15
Q

What are examples of prosocial behavior?

A

saying please / thank you
holding doors open

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15
Q

What are 5 influences of obedience? (according to obedience paradigm)

A
  1. perviously established framework to obey
  2. context
  3. gradual / repetitive escalation
  4. experimenters behavior
  5. Physical and psychological separation from the learner
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16
Q

What is altruism?

A

engaging in prosocial behavior without the expectation of getting something in return

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17
Q

What are 6 factors that increase the likelihood of a bystander helping? ***

A
  1. “feel good, do good” effect
  2. guilt
  3. seeing others willing to help
  4. perceiving the other as deserving help
  5. knowing how to help
  6. personalized relationship
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18
Q

What are 4 factors that decrease the likelihood of a bystander helping?

A
  1. bystander effect
  2. big city or small town
  3. ambiguous situations
  4. personal cost outweighs benefits
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19
Q

What is social loafing?

A

leeching of of others and not contributing

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20
Q

When is social loafing reduced? (4 answers)

A
  1. group is people we know
  2. group is highly valued
  3. task is meaningful / unique
  4. collectivist societies (social striving)
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21
Q

What is social facilitation?

A

We perform better when others are around (only for simple or well rehearsed tasks)

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22
Q

What is deindividuation?

A

Reduction of self-awareness / inhibitions in a group where there is anonymity

Leads to irresponsible / antisocial behavior

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23
Q

What is Correspondent Inference Theory?

A

attributions we make about other people’s behavior stems from social desirability of the behavior or if it comes from free choice

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24
Q

What is the Covariation Principle?

A

attributions about others are influenced by situation in which the behavior occurs, the persons involved, and the object that the behavior is directed at

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25
Q

What is the False Consensus Bias?

A

Attribution bias caused by the assumption that most people share our attitudes and behavior

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26
Q

What is the Illusion of Control?

A

attributional bias caused by the belief that we control events in our own life that are out of our control

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27
Q

What is Impression Management?

A

tendency of individuals to carefully select what information they reveal about their attitudes, depending on how they think others will react

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28
Q

What is the Stereotype Threat?

A

tendency to conform to negative stereotypes

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29
Q

What is the Intergroup Threat?

A

The perception that one’s ingroup is threatened by a particular social outgroup

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30
Q

What is Implicit attitude?

A

unconscious attitudes that may be socially undesirable and influence one’s behavior without ones knowledge

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31
Q

What is the Foot-in-the-Door Technique?

A

asking for a small request makes it more likely that they will do a major request later

31
Q

What is the Door-in-the-Face Technique?

A

an unreasonable request is follow by a more reasonable, minor request that is the requester goal in the first place

32
Q

What is the Implicit Association Test (IAT)?

A

Test that attempts to measure the strength of a person’s implicit attitudes

33
Q

What is a mental / psychological disorder?

A

A “pattern of behavioral and psychological symptoms” that impairs one’s ability to function or causes significant stress

34
Q

What are 4 examples of positive symptoms in Schizophrenia?

A
  1. hallucinations
  2. delusions
  3. thought disorder
  4. grossly disorganized behavior
35
Q

What are examples of negative symptoms in Schizophrenia?

A
  1. amotivation
  2. flattened or blunted effect (flat facial expression)
36
Q

How long must a person experience symptoms before being diagnosed w/ Schizophrenia?

A

6 months

37
Q

What % of the population has Schizophrenia?

A

1%

38
Q

Describe the course of Schizophrenia.

A

Onset in young adulthood –> progresses with age

39
Q

What are 4 contributing factors to Schizophrenia?

A
  1. genetics
  2. abnormal brain chemistry
  3. environmental factors
  4. life stress
39
Q

What is the concept of Deinstitutionalization and how does it affect those w/ Scizophrenia?

A

Idea to implement community mental health centers, group homes, etc,. IN PLACE of mental hospitals

Budget cuts to social services → No community support → homelessness

40
Q

When is Major Depressive Disorder most rare?

A

childhood

41
Q

Who is more likely to experience Major Depressive Disorder?

A

Women (2x)

42
Q

What are the courses for Major Depressive Disorder?

A
  1. Begin in adolescence –> go away
  2. Chronic
  3. Episodic
43
Q

Describe Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia).

A

Very persistent feelings of sadness
Not severe as a major depressive disorder

44
Q

Describe Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder.

A

Likelihood of depression in women linked to menstrual cycle → hormonal factors, puberty

45
Q

Describe Postperi Depression.

A

Depression during pregnancy that persists after birth

45
Q

What are symptoms of Bipolar I?

A

Emotional: euphoria, irritable

Behavioral: high energy levels. high risk activities

Cognitive: delusional

Physical: lose weight, lose sleep

46
Q

Is Bipolar more common in men or women?

A

equal

47
Q

What are the 3 stages of Bipolar? Describe them.

A

Hypomania (stage 1): feeling confident, sexy, etc,.

True Mania (stage 2): energy level becomes concerning, start making dangerous choices

Psychotic Mania (stage 3): “I am Jesus Christ”

48
Q

Describe the course of Bipolar.

A

90% of people who have a first episode have another (months or years later)

Emergence in late teens / early 20’s

49
Q

How is Bipolar II different than Bipolar I?

A

Never reach true mania
(less severe)

50
Q

What is Cyclothymic Disorder?

A

Mood disorder –> alternate between hypomania and depression

Mood swings less extreme than bipolar

50
Q

What are 3 contributing factors to mood disorders

A

Biological factors
Cognitive factors
Life stress

51
Q

What is Panic Disorder?

A

anxiety disorder in which an individual experiences numerous panic attacks (4 or more in a 4 week period) that are characterized by overwhelming terror, unreality, or depersonalization

52
Q

What is agoraphobia?

A

Anxiety disorder characterized by an intense fear of being in places or situations where escape might be difficult or that help wouldn’t be available

52
Q

What is social anxiety?

A

persistent, irrational fear of performing a behavior in front of a group of people

53
Q

What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

A

chronic state of free-floating anxiety or worry that has persisted for at least six months

54
Q

What is the Basal Ganglia?

A

A group of brain structures that lie under the cerebral cortex and function as “way stations” between the input of sensory messages and the resulting cortically initiated motor or cognitive outputs

55
Q

What is a Cingulotomy?

A

surgical procedure separating the cingulate cortex from the frontal lobes that is performed to treat severe OCD

56
Q

What is the Interpersonal Stress Generation Model of Depression?

A

emphasizes the interplay between interpersonal stress and depressive symptoms

57
Q

What is Learned Helplessness?

A

a state that occurs after a person has experienced a stressful situation repeatedly

diminished ability to learn an avoidance response

stimulation may contribute to some forms of depression and non responsiveness

58
Q

What is the Monoamine Theory?

A

depression is related to reduction in activity of monoamine neurotransmitters norepinephrine and/or serotonin in specific regions of the brain

59
Q

What is mutism?

A

speech disturbance of schizophrenia in which an individual may not utter a sounds for hours or days at a time

60
Q

What is Echolalia?

A

speech disturbance in schizophrenia in which people repeat virtually everything they hear

61
Q

How does competency differ from insanity? ***

A

Competency to stand trial is constitutionally required

A person can be insane at the time of the crime but competent to stand trial and vice versa.

62
Q

When in a person considered legally insane?

A

When there is:

Cognitive Insanity → don’t know the consequences or weight of actions
OR
Irresistible Impulse → even you knew it was wrong, you were unable to control behavior

63
Q

Describe Psychoanalysis and its goal.

A

States that the source is unconscious conflict.
Goal: make unconscious conscious

64
Q

Describe Behaviorists and their goal.

A

State that source is inappropriate conditioning.
Goal is to extinguish undesirable behavior and shape new behavior.

65
Q

Describe a Cognitive Therapist and their goal.

A

States that source if negative expectations / beliefs.
Goal: replace maladaptive ways of thinking

66
Q

How is it determined if a treatment is successful or not. (2 ways)

A
  1. Randomized clinical trials to rule out spontaneous remission
  2. Meta-analysis combines data from many studies
67
Q

Is one form of therapy better than another?

A

Meta-analysis shows little difference

68
Q

What are 5 recent trends in mental health treatment?

A
  1. therapy
  2. medication
  3. shorter treatment
  4. evidence based treatment
  5. personalized medicine
69
Q

Why do people seek psychological treatment? ***

A

psychological disorder
relationship difficulties
life transitions or circumstances

70
Q

What are 4 types of mental health professionals?

A

Clinical Psychologist
Psychiatrist
Psychiatric Social Worker
Marriage / Family Therapist

71
Q

What is Implicit Personality Theory?

A

theory about how other people’s traits hang together

72
Q

What are the 3 components of an attitude?

A
  1. Affect (how you feel about something)
  2. Behavior
  3. Cognition
73
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of ones existing beliefs

74
Q

What are the 2 components of a mental disorder?

A

distress and impairment

75
Q

What is concordance?

A

rate at which characteristics are shared by twins

76
Q

What attributional styles are a risk for depression?

A

internal, global, and stable

77
Q

What is eclectic therapy?

A

using multiple types of therapy to help a patient

PSYCH 101 (4 decks)

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