Final Exam (partial) Flashcards
What is social cognition?
study of how people make sense in our social world
What is social influence?
the impact of others on our own behavior
What are the 4 aspects of social cognition?
- Forming impressions of other
- Social categorization (putting people in groups)
- Implicit Personality theories
- Physical attractiveness
What 2 things affect our impression of others?
- person perception
- basic principles
What is an attribution?
the thing you attribute someones behavior to
Describe Fundamental Attribution Error. ***
Tendency to overestimate people’s disposition / internal factors but underestimate external factors
Describe Actor-Observer Discrepancy. ***
Attribute internal disposition for others, but external disposition for self
Describe Self-Serving Bias. ***
When positive happen to self –> internal attribution
Negative thing happens to self –> external attribution
When does behavior lead to attitudes? ***
When there is cognitive dissonance
To resolve, attitudes are changed to be consistent with behavior or other attitudes
When to attitudes lead to behavior?
Frequently expressed
Direct experience
Being knowledgeable
When a favorable outcome is anticipated
What is the out-group homogeneity effect?
belief that those in the out-group are all alike
What is in-group bias?
belief that those in the in-group are superior
What is Realistic Conflict Theory?
states that the history of conflict determines degree of prejudice
What are the 3 aspects of Social Identity Theory?
- social categorization (group affiliation)
- social identity (fitting in)
- social comparison (superiority)
What does group pressure result in?
conformity
What are 2 reasons for conformity? Describe them.
Normative Social Influence - conforming to be liked
Informational Social influence - conforming because they don’t trust their own perception
What is the obedience paradigm?
Experiment by Stanley Milgram
Teachers shocking students for incorrect answers –> How far are people willing to go to be obedient?
What are examples of prosocial behavior?
saying please / thank you
holding doors open
What are 5 influences of obedience? (according to obedience paradigm)
- perviously established framework to obey
- context
- gradual / repetitive escalation
- experimenters behavior
- Physical and psychological separation from the learner
What is altruism?
engaging in prosocial behavior without the expectation of getting something in return
What are 6 factors that increase the likelihood of a bystander helping? ***
- “feel good, do good” effect
- guilt
- seeing others willing to help
- perceiving the other as deserving help
- knowing how to help
- personalized relationship
What are 4 factors that decrease the likelihood of a bystander helping?
- bystander effect
- big city or small town
- ambiguous situations
- personal cost outweighs benefits
What is social loafing?
leeching of of others and not contributing
When is social loafing reduced? (4 answers)
- group is people we know
- group is highly valued
- task is meaningful / unique
- collectivist societies (social striving)
What is social facilitation?
We perform better when others are around (only for simple or well rehearsed tasks)
What is deindividuation?
Reduction of self-awareness / inhibitions in a group where there is anonymity
Leads to irresponsible / antisocial behavior
What is Correspondent Inference Theory?
attributions we make about other people’s behavior stems from social desirability of the behavior or if it comes from free choice
What is the Covariation Principle?
attributions about others are influenced by situation in which the behavior occurs, the persons involved, and the object that the behavior is directed at
What is the False Consensus Bias?
Attribution bias caused by the assumption that most people share our attitudes and behavior
What is the Illusion of Control?
attributional bias caused by the belief that we control events in our own life that are out of our control
What is Impression Management?
tendency of individuals to carefully select what information they reveal about their attitudes, depending on how they think others will react
What is the Stereotype Threat?
tendency to conform to negative stereotypes
What is the Intergroup Threat?
The perception that one’s ingroup is threatened by a particular social outgroup
What is Implicit attitude?
unconscious attitudes that may be socially undesirable and influence one’s behavior without ones knowledge
What is the Foot-in-the-Door Technique?
asking for a small request makes it more likely that they will do a major request later
What is the Door-in-the-Face Technique?
an unreasonable request is follow by a more reasonable, minor request that is the requester goal in the first place
What is the Implicit Association Test (IAT)?
Test that attempts to measure the strength of a person’s implicit attitudes
What is a mental / psychological disorder?
A “pattern of behavioral and psychological symptoms” that impairs one’s ability to function or causes significant stress
What are 4 examples of positive symptoms in Schizophrenia?
- hallucinations
- delusions
- thought disorder
- grossly disorganized behavior
What are examples of negative symptoms in Schizophrenia?
- amotivation
- flattened or blunted effect (flat facial expression)
How long must a person experience symptoms before being diagnosed w/ Schizophrenia?
6 months
What % of the population has Schizophrenia?
1%
Describe the course of Schizophrenia.
Onset in young adulthood –> progresses with age
What are 4 contributing factors to Schizophrenia?
- genetics
- abnormal brain chemistry
- environmental factors
- life stress
What is the concept of Deinstitutionalization and how does it affect those w/ Scizophrenia?
Idea to implement community mental health centers, group homes, etc,. IN PLACE of mental hospitals
Budget cuts to social services → No community support → homelessness
When is Major Depressive Disorder most rare?
childhood
Who is more likely to experience Major Depressive Disorder?
Women (2x)
What are the courses for Major Depressive Disorder?
- Begin in adolescence –> go away
- Chronic
- Episodic
Describe Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia).
Very persistent feelings of sadness
Not severe as a major depressive disorder
Describe Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder.
Likelihood of depression in women linked to menstrual cycle → hormonal factors, puberty
Describe Postperi Depression.
Depression during pregnancy that persists after birth
What are symptoms of Bipolar I?
Emotional: euphoria, irritable
Behavioral: high energy levels. high risk activities
Cognitive: delusional
Physical: lose weight, lose sleep
Is Bipolar more common in men or women?
equal
What are the 3 stages of Bipolar? Describe them.
Hypomania (stage 1): feeling confident, sexy, etc,.
True Mania (stage 2): energy level becomes concerning, start making dangerous choices
Psychotic Mania (stage 3): “I am Jesus Christ”
Describe the course of Bipolar.
90% of people who have a first episode have another (months or years later)
Emergence in late teens / early 20’s
How is Bipolar II different than Bipolar I?
Never reach true mania
(less severe)
What is Cyclothymic Disorder?
Mood disorder –> alternate between hypomania and depression
Mood swings less extreme than bipolar
What are 3 contributing factors to mood disorders
Biological factors
Cognitive factors
Life stress
What is Panic Disorder?
anxiety disorder in which an individual experiences numerous panic attacks (4 or more in a 4 week period) that are characterized by overwhelming terror, unreality, or depersonalization
What is agoraphobia?
Anxiety disorder characterized by an intense fear of being in places or situations where escape might be difficult or that help wouldn’t be available
What is social anxiety?
persistent, irrational fear of performing a behavior in front of a group of people
What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
chronic state of free-floating anxiety or worry that has persisted for at least six months
What is the Basal Ganglia?
A group of brain structures that lie under the cerebral cortex and function as “way stations” between the input of sensory messages and the resulting cortically initiated motor or cognitive outputs
What is a Cingulotomy?
surgical procedure separating the cingulate cortex from the frontal lobes that is performed to treat severe OCD
What is the Interpersonal Stress Generation Model of Depression?
emphasizes the interplay between interpersonal stress and depressive symptoms
What is Learned Helplessness?
a state that occurs after a person has experienced a stressful situation repeatedly
diminished ability to learn an avoidance response
stimulation may contribute to some forms of depression and non responsiveness
What is the Monoamine Theory?
depression is related to reduction in activity of monoamine neurotransmitters norepinephrine and/or serotonin in specific regions of the brain
What is mutism?
speech disturbance of schizophrenia in which an individual may not utter a sounds for hours or days at a time
What is Echolalia?
speech disturbance in schizophrenia in which people repeat virtually everything they hear
How does competency differ from insanity? ***
Competency to stand trial is constitutionally required
A person can be insane at the time of the crime but competent to stand trial and vice versa.
When in a person considered legally insane?
When there is:
Cognitive Insanity → don’t know the consequences or weight of actions
OR
Irresistible Impulse → even you knew it was wrong, you were unable to control behavior
Describe Psychoanalysis and its goal.
States that the source is unconscious conflict.
Goal: make unconscious conscious
Describe Behaviorists and their goal.
State that source is inappropriate conditioning.
Goal is to extinguish undesirable behavior and shape new behavior.
Describe a Cognitive Therapist and their goal.
States that source if negative expectations / beliefs.
Goal: replace maladaptive ways of thinking
How is it determined if a treatment is successful or not. (2 ways)
- Randomized clinical trials to rule out spontaneous remission
- Meta-analysis combines data from many studies
Is one form of therapy better than another?
Meta-analysis shows little difference
What are 5 recent trends in mental health treatment?
- therapy
- medication
- shorter treatment
- evidence based treatment
- personalized medicine
Why do people seek psychological treatment? ***
psychological disorder
relationship difficulties
life transitions or circumstances
What are 4 types of mental health professionals?
Clinical Psychologist
Psychiatrist
Psychiatric Social Worker
Marriage / Family Therapist
What is Implicit Personality Theory?
theory about how other people’s traits hang together
What are the 3 components of an attitude?
- Affect (how you feel about something)
- Behavior
- Cognition
What is confirmation bias?
tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of ones existing beliefs
What are the 2 components of a mental disorder?
distress and impairment
What is concordance?
rate at which characteristics are shared by twins
What attributional styles are a risk for depression?
internal, global, and stable
What is eclectic therapy?
using multiple types of therapy to help a patient
