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PSYCH 101 > Mid-Term 1 > Flashcards

Mid-Term 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the cons of naturalistic observation?

A

people can act in unnatural ways

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2
Q

List pros and cons of a Case Study.

A

Pro: measure in depth and collect lots of info
Cons: generalizations can be made

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3
Q

List pros and cons of a Survey

A

Pros: find difference in opinions
Cons: response bias

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4
Q

List cons of a Correlational Study.

A

Cons: external factors can contribute, third-variables, does not tell us the cause

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5
Q

List pros and cons of an Experiment.

A

Pros: ONLY way to establish causality
Cons: cannot always assign groups (ex: abused children)

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6
Q

List the types of scales and describe how they measure things.

A
  1. Nominal/categorical: boxes in which people fit
  2. Ordinal: “rate pain 1-10”
  3. Interval: no true zero
  4. Ratio: “how many X do you own?”
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7
Q

What are the 3 measures of central tendency?

A

Mode, mean, and median

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8
Q

What is statistical significance?

A

likelihood that a finding is due to chance

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9
Q

What is a correlation coefficient?

A

statistic the indicates the degree of association between two variable

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10
Q

What is the correlation coefficient scale and what do the values mean?

A

-1.0 to +1.0
Negative: as one goes up, the other goes down
Zero: no association
Positive: both go up and down together

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11
Q

Define scatter plot.

A

visual idea of association

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12
Q

Define correlation.

A

degree of association

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13
Q

Define standard deviation.

A

square root of variance

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14
Q

Define variance

A

average square of deviation of the mean

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15
Q

List steps in writing process!!!

A
  1. Identify question and review literature
  2. Develop hypothesis (w/ operational definitions)
  3. Select a research method and participants. Collect data.
  4. Analyze data. Accept or reject hypothesis.
  5. Publish through peer review. Replicate.
  6. Build a theory
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16
Q

List early methods of studying the brain.

A

Post-mortem studies (autopsies)
Animal models
Case study

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17
Q

List the pros and cons of post mortem studies.

A

Pros: real human tissue
Cons: dead tissue

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18
Q

List the pros and cons of animal models.

A

Pros: real experiment conducted
Cons: ethical dilemma, cannot always generalize to humans

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19
Q

List the pros and cons of studying patients with brain damage (case studies).

A

Pros: Live human model ; can test in multiple ways
Cons: cause not clear

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20
Q

List new methods of studying the brain.

A

CT Scan
EEG
MRI
Positron Emissions Tomography (PET)
Functional MRI (fMRI)

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21
Q

List the pros and cons of a CT scan.

A

Pros: cheap
Cons: poor resolution

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22
Q

List the pros and cons of an EEG.

A

Pros: live measurement, temporal accuracy
Cons: poor localization

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23
Q

List the pros and cons of an MRI.

A

Pros: structural detail
Cons: does not measure function, snapshot in time

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24
Q

List the pros and cons of PET.

A

Pros: can select trace specific to neurotransmitter
Cons: expensive, invasive

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25
Q

List the pros and cons of an fMRI.

A

Pros: examines activation in real time
Cons: expensive

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26
Q

List parts of a neuron. (!!!!!!look up functions)

A

Cell body
dendrites
axon
myelin sheath
terminal branches of axon

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27
Q

List steps of synaptic transmission.

A
  1. Action potential stimulates synaptic vesicles to move toward and fuse with the terminal button
  2. Synaptic vesicles fuse with the interior surface of the terminal button
  3. Synaptic vesicles rupture, releasing neurotransmitters across the synaptic cleft
  4. Neurotransmitters make contact with receptor molecules in the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron
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28
Q

What happens to leftover neurotransmitters in the synapse?

A

re-uptake - use again
degradation - enzymes clean up leftovers

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29
Q

Describe Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

A

autoimmune disease that breaks down myelin
causes issues across all systems

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30
Q

Describe Schizophrenia.

A

hear voices and hallucinations
Drugs with dopamine tend to decrease symptoms

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31
Q

What theory is associated with Schizophrenia. Describe it.

A

Dopamine Hypothesis: theory that excess dopamine in certain regions of the brain may be associated with disruption in thought processes

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32
Q

Describe Parkinson’s disease.

A

Related to death of dopamine cells

33
Q

How do antipsychotics work?

A

they decrease dopamine.
-lose motor function
-lack of pleasure

34
Q

How do Parkinson’s drugs work? Cons?

A

El dopa makes more dopamine.
Cons: manic symptoms due to increased pleasure, schizophrenia symptoms (paranoia, hearing voices)

35
Q

How do Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors work?

A

Antidepressant (but do much more! Not just for depression)
Inhibits re-uptake of serotonin → increases amount of serotonin in synapse

36
Q

How do Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors work?

A

Monoamine Oxidase is an enzyme in the brain that “cleans up”/reuptakes norepinephrine → decrease Monoamine Oxidase so there more norepinephrine

Potentially dangerous

37
Q

Name 4 neurotransmitters.

A

Acetylcholine (Ach)
Serotonin (5HT)
Dopamine (DA)
Norepinephrine (NE)

38
Q

Describe function of Acetylcholine (Ach) and what conditions it effects.

A

This dies in people with ALS, leaving them unable to move
Greatly reduced in people with alzheimers

39
Q

What is serotonin (5HT) responsible for?

A

depression
regulation of aggression
sleep

40
Q

What is dopamine (DA) responsible for?

A

pleasure
movement
thought processes

41
Q

What is Norepinephrine (NE) responsible for?

A

widely distributed in the brain
mood regulation
arousal
movement

42
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the nervous systems?

A

Central and peripheral

43
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the peripheral nervous system? What do they do?

A

Skeletal (voluntary)
Autonomic (involuntary / self regulatory)

44
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system? What do they do?

A

Sympathetic (arousing)
Parasympathetic (calming)

45
Q

What is the spinal cord made out of?

A

myelinated axons

46
Q

What is the hind brain and what are its functions?

A

“Hind brain” = reptilian brain
Regulates internal processes (heart rate, breathing, etc)
Level of arousal

47
Q

What are the parts of the Hind Brain?

A

Medulla
Reticular formation
Cerebellum
Pons

48
Q

Describe the medulla.

A

Controls breathing and standing
Axons from cells on right cross over and are processed in the left side of the brain and vice versa

49
Q

Describe the reticular formation.

A

Controls levels of activation

50
Q

Describe the cerebellum.

A

Helps coordinate movement

51
Q

Describe the pons.

A

Helps coordinate movement

52
Q

What is spinal reflex?

A

When some messages never reach the brain

53
Q

What is the mid-brain? What are its functions?

A

“limbic system” or “old mammalian brain”
Allows ability to experience emotions

54
Q

What are the parts of the Mid-brain?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus !!!
Hippocampus
Amygdala !!!
Corpus Callosum !!!

55
Q

Function of thalamus?

A

It is a relay station
Info goes in and out

56
Q

Function of Hypothalamus???

A

Responsible for homeostasis

57
Q

Function of Amygdala???

A

Sensitive to threats
Integrates emotions into memory
Emotion processor

58
Q

Function of hippocampus?

A

Memory

59
Q

Function of Corpus Callosum??? What is it made up of???

A

Connect left and right hemispheres of the brain
Composed of myelinated axons

60
Q

Describe the Forebrain. What is it associated with?

A

“Cerebral cortices”
Size of this is associated with how smart a species is

61
Q

What are the parts of the forebrain???

A

Grey and white matter
Temporal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe

62
Q

Function of the temporal lobe???

A

Processes hearing
Understanding and using language

63
Q

What 2 conditions are associated with damage to Broca’s Area? (located in temporal lobe). Describe them.

A

Receptive Aphasia: “word salad” ; cannot understand language

Expressive Aphasia: trouble speaking

64
Q

Function of the occipital lobe???

A

Visual perception
Helps make sense of what we see

65
Q

Function of the frontal lobe??? What happens if damaged?

A

Emotions and emotional processing
Social behavior
Ability to plan
If damaged, causes emotion regulation issues

66
Q

What are the 2 homunculus? Describe them.

A

Sensory homunculus: shows how sensitive areas of the body are
Motor homunculus: action occurs ( Ex: scratch an itch)

67
Q

What was social darwinism?

A

Assertion that evolution applied to society and social classes
Justified racism, imperialism, eugenics, social inequality
Discredited

68
Q

What are 2 biological adaptations for survival?

A

Fight or flight
Tend and Befriend

69
Q

What is the HPA axis? How does it work?

A
  • Responsible for fight or flight
    1 Hypothalamus recognizes a threat and releases CRH hormone
    2 CRH signals Pituitary gland
    3 Pituitary gland releases ACTH hormone to adrenal glands
    4 Adrenal glands release cortisol
70
Q

What is an example of motion parallax???

A

when your on a train, things close to you move fast but when you look far, they seem slow

71
Q

What is an induced motion illusion? Ex?

A

Tricked by assumptions that background is stationary and object moves
Ex: when the moon looks like its moving but its the clouds (Moon Illusion)

72
Q

What is an stroboscopic motion illusion?

A

perceiving motion in light

73
Q

What does “Gestalt” mean?

A

“whole figure”

74
Q

What is the Figure-Ground Relationship?

A

perception process of separating main element(s) from background

75
Q

What are the 4 laws / principles governing parsing????

A

Similarity
Closure
Good continuation
Proximity

76
Q

What is the law of simplicity / Law of Pragnanz ???

A

“When more than one organization is possible, you will choose the best, simplest, most stable shape”

77
Q

What the 3 types of Perceptual Constancy?

A

color
shape
size

78
Q

What is the fovea?

A

part of retina with cones

PSYCH 101 (4 decks)

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