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Anthropology > Mid-Term 2 > Flashcards

Mid-Term 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Humans are –> Class: ____; Order: ____

A

Mammalia; Primates (25)

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2
Q

Name Mammalian Characteristics (6)

A

Homeothermic (can control own body temp);
Intelligence (large brain to body size);
Reproductive Behavior (fewer young);
Mammary glands (used to nurse);
Prolonged immaturity (longer to grow up);
Heterodontism (multiple kinds of teeth); (25)

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3
Q

Name the five diets discussed in class

A 
Frugivores --> fruit
Folivores --> leaves
Insectivores --> insects
Carnivores --> meat
Gumnivores --> saps/gum (25)
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4
Q

Name the 4 types of teeth

A

Incisors
Canines
Premolars
Molars (25)

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5
Q

Recite the dental breakdown of humans, apes, and old world monkeys

A

2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolar, 3 molar; 32 teeth total (25)

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6
Q

Recite the dental breakdown of new world monkeys

A

2 incisors, 1 canine, 3 premolar, 3 molar; 36 teeth total (25)

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7
Q

Name and elaborate on the two primate evolution theories

A

Arboreal hypothesis: Evolved for tree life as seen by anatomical trends
Visual predation hypothesis: Unique primate traits arose as adaptations to preying on insects (25)

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8
Q

Describe the divergence of the thumbs and big toes of primates

A

All primates thumbs are divergent, humans are the only ones to not also have the big toe divergent as well (26)

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9
Q 
Cranial characteristics of primates: 
Brain size?
Good sense of smell?
What kind of vision?
\_\_\_\_ bar
A

Large brains; less smell (better vision); stereoscopic vision; post-orbital bar (26)

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10
Q

Order of primates split into two: ____ vs. ____

A

Prosimians vs. Anthropoid (26)

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11
Q

Prosimians:____::Anthropoid:_____

A

Strepsirhines; haplorrhines (26)

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12
Q

Prosimians have ____ features

A

Ancestral/Primitive (26)

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13
Q

Anthropoids:
What kind of traits?
Where are they found in the fossil record in comparisoin to prosimians?

A

Derived; later than prosimians

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14
Q

What anatomical feature distinguishes haplorrhines from strepsirhines? Elaborate

A

Noses; Strepsirhines have wet, simple, curved noses, Haplorrhines have dry, complex, straight noses

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15
Q

Are tarsiers strepsirhines or haplorrhines?

A

Haplorrhines due to derived traits

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16
Q

The learned behavior of primates indicates behvaioral ____

A

Plasticity (changeable, malleable)

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17
Q

Name two living styles of primates concerning environment

A

Arboreal –> trees; Terrestrial –> ground

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18
Q

Name three living styles of primates concerning time of day

A

Diurnal –> awake during daytime; Nocturnal –> awake during nighttime; Crepuscular –> awake during dawn and dusk

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19
Q

Name the 7 types of social structure living groups discussed in class (no elaboration)

A

Solitary; Monogamous, polyandrous; polygynous; multi-male/multi-female; Noyau; fission-fusion

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20
Q 
Solitary groups (*bad notes*):
Mother is \_\_\_\_
Male is \_\_\_
Give examples of primates (2)
Father involved in upbringing of children?
A

Dependent; single; orangutans and nocturnal prosimians; not involved

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21
Q 
Monogamous groups:
Which adults involved?
Long or shot bond?
Common or uncommon?
Give examples of primates (2)
A

Adult male, adult female; long term pair bond; uncommon; gibbons and siamangs (only lesser apes do this bond)

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22
Q 
Polyandrous groups:
Multiple males or females?
How many females reproducitvely active?
Common or uncommon?
Give examples of primates (3)
A

Several adult males; 1 female reproductively active; very rare; marmosets, tamarins, lemurs

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23
Q

Polygynous groups:
Multiple males or females?
Common or uncommon?
Give examples of primates (2)

A

Several adult females; common; gorillas, vervets

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24
Q

Multi-male/multi-female groups:
Common or uncommon?
What kind of system?
Give examples of primates (4)

A

Common; Hierarchical; howlers, baboons, macaques, chimps

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25
Q

Noyau groups:
How many males, how many females?
Give examples of primates (4)

A

Single adult male interacts with several females; lorises, lemurs, tarsiers, orangutans

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26
Q

Fissions-fission groups:
What’s the routine?
Give examples of primates (4)

A

Sleep, travel and repeat; chimps, capuchins, some lemurs

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27
Q

Name the 7 types of locomotion discussed in class (no elaboration)

A

Quadrupedalism; Vertical clinging and leaping; Brachiation; Knuckle-walking; Fist-walking; Quadrumanous; Bipedalism

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28
Q

Quadrupedalism locomotion:
How common?
Describe the anatomical distinctions between terrestrial and arboreal regarding limbs; tail, and digits

A

Most common; for terrestrial limbs equal length, tail short, digits short, while for arboreal limbs shorter, digits long, tail long

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29
Q

Vertical clingling and leaping locomotion:
Spring on ____
Longer ____ than ____
Prosimians or Anthropoids?

A

Hind legs; hindlimbs; forelimbs; prosimians

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30
Q 
Brachiation locomotion:
Arm swing over or under?
Arms or legs longer?
Long or short hands?
What are the only two primates that do this?
A

Under; arms longer than legs; long hands; gibbons and siamangs (smaller apes)

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31
Q

Knuckle-walking locomotion:
On ____ knuckles
What apes only do this?

A

Forelimb; Only African apes

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32
Q

Quadrumanous locomotion:
How many limbs used?
Over or under branches?
What is the only primate to do this?

A

4; under; orangutans

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33
Q

Bipedalism locomotion:
Walking on ____
Only habitual for ____
Facultative for ____

A

Two feet; humans; apes

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34
Q

Roughly how many species of living primates are there?

A

420

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35
Q

Strepsirhinis:
Describe noses
Old or new world?
Nocturnal or Diurnal?
Arboreal or terrestrial?
Bigger on sense of smell or sense of vision?
2 important anatomical features: ____ and ____

A

Curved, wet noses; old world, nocturnal; arboreal; sense of smell; dental comb and grooming claw

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36
Q

Lemurs:
Where can they be found?
Large ones are __urnal and eat ____ while small ones are __urnal and eat ____
What type of locomotion for both?

A

Only in Madagascar; Diurnal; plants + fruit; nocturnal; insects; VCL (vertical clingling leaping)

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37
Q 
Lorises:
Where can they be found?
Nocturnal or diurnal?
Arboreal or terrestrial?
Locomotion:
Social structure:
Diet:
A

Southeast Asia and Africa; nocturnal; arboreal; quadrupedalism and VCL; only live in solitary groups; insectivores, some fruit leaves and gum as well

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38
Q

Lemurs, lorises, galagos are ____ while humans, tarsiers, apes, and monkeys are ____

A

Strepsirhinis; Haplorhinis

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39
Q 
Haplorhinis:
Describe their noses
Old or New World?
Large or small body sizes?
Large or small brains?
Diurnal or nocturnal?
Arboreal or terrestrial?
Smell or vision superior?
Post Orbital plate or bar?
A

Straight dry nose; both old and new world (old for Africa, Asia; New for South and Central America); Large body sizes; large brain sizes; all diurnal except for owl monkey, tarsier; both arboreal and terrestrial; vision superior; Plate for tarsiers and closures for all else (no bar)

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40
Q 
Tarsiers:
Where can they be found?
Diurnal or nocturnal?
Locomotion:
Social structure:
Diet:
Having no \_\_\_ makes them be classified as a haplorhini instead of a strepsirhini
A

Southeast Asian islands; nocturnal; VCL; monogamous; insectivores; dental comb, rhinarium, tapetum lucidum

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41
Q

Platyrhini (infraorder of ____):
New or Old world monkeys?
Dental formula:
Nostrils point ____

A

Haplorhinis; New World; 2.1.3.3; laterally and outward

42
Q

Superfamily of platyrrhini and subsequent two families within that superfamily:

A

Ceboidea; Callitricidae and cebidae

43
Q 
Callitrichidae:
Give examples of primates (2)
What special distinction do the offspring have?
Retain claws?
Diurnal or nocturnal?
Locomotion?
A

Marmosets, tamarins; only twins; diurnal; arboreal quadrupedalism

44
Q 
Cebidae:
Give examples of primates (5)
What kind of tail?
Locomotion?
What kind of living?
Diurnal or nocturnal?
A

Spider Howler Capuchin Woolly and bald Monkeys; prehensile (able to clasp) tails; arboreal quadrupedalism; group living; all diurnal except for howler monkey

45
Q 
Catarrhini (infraorder or \_\_\_\_):
Old World or New World Monkeys?
Dental formula?
Nostrils point \_\_\_\_
Arboreal or terrestrial
Diet:
Prehensile tails?
A

Haplorhini; Old World Monkeys (as well as apes, humans); 2.1.2.3; downward; more terrestrial than arboreal; omnivorous; no prehensile tails

46
Q

Two sub families within catyrrhini infraorder, cercopithecoidea superfamily and cercopithcidae family:

A

Cercopithecinae, colobinae

47
Q

Cercopithecines:
Cheek-____ monkeys
Give 3 examples of primates
Where are they found?

A

Pouched; baboons, mandrills, macaques; asia and africa

48
Q 
Colobines:
Diet:
Arboreal or terrestrial?
Give three examples of primates
Where are they found?
\_\_\_\_ stomachs
Pouch or no pouch?
A

Foliovores; more arboreal; langurs, colobus, odd-nosed monkeys (probiscus); Asia and Africa; sacculated; no pouch

49
Q 
Hominoids:
What primate designations do this include?
Large or small body size?
Tail?
Flexibility of wrist joints?
How many divisions? Name them
A

Lesser and great apes (humans); larger body sizes; no tail; flexible wrist joints; three divisions: hylobatidae, pongidae, hominine

50
Q 
Hylobatidae superfamily:
What primates?
Social structure?
Locomotion?
Where are they found?
Sexual dimorphic or dichromatic?
A

Lesser apes gibbons and siamangs; monogamous; habitual brachiation; only in SE Asia; dichromatic (different colors for genders)

51
Q

Pongidae subfamily:
What primates?
How large, how common?
Social structure?

A

Orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos; largest, least common; varied social structure including solitary, polygyny, multi-male

52
Q 
Orangutans:
Locomotion:
Sexual dimorphic or dichromatic?
Social structure?
Diet?
A

VCL and Fist-walking; sexual dimorphic; solitary; frugivores

53
Q 
Gorillas:
How large?
Locomotion:
Sexual dimorphic or dichromatic?
Social Structure:
Diet:
A

Largest living primate; knuckle-walker; very sexually dimorphic; uni-male groups; folivores

54
Q 
Chimpanzees:
Locomotion:
Sexual dimorphic?
Social Structure:
Diet:
A

Knuckle-walkers; only slight sexual dimorphism; fissions-fusion social groups; omnivores

55
Q 
Bonobos:
Locomotion:
Sexual dimorphic?
Social Structure:
Diet:
A

Knuckle-walkers; sexual dimorphic; multi-male/multi-female groups; frugivores and folivores

56
Q

Behavior is:
A ____ trait
Dependent on ____ and ____

A

Complex; genes; environment

57
Q

Define sympatric

A

Same species of primate living in same areas

58
Q

Define allopatric

A

Same species of primate living in neighboring areas

59
Q

Name 2-3 challenges of field work

A

Identification; habituation; culture/language; politics; disease; money

60
Q

Dominant Hierarchy:
____ system
Increased ____ success
Access to ____

A

Rank; reproductive; resources

61
Q

Name modes of communication of primates (possible of 4)

A

Emotional state; body posture; facial expressions; vocalizations

62
Q

Aggressive behaviors are ____, usually over ____

A

Disruptive; Resources (including sex)

63
Q

Affiliative behaviors are ____, reduces ____, acts as a ____

A

Cohesive; aggression; social cement

64
Q

Female reproductive cycle:
Difference in smell of ___
Sexual ____

A

Urine; swelling

65
Q

Name the 2 reproductive strategies discussed in class

A

K-Selection; r-selection

66
Q 
K-selection reproductive strategy:
What animals?
Common or uncommon?
High or low number of young?
Who cares and how much?
A

Mammals; Common; low; Females, a lot

67
Q

r-selection reproductive strategy:
What animals?
High or low number of young?
Who cares and how much?

A

Reptiles insects and fish; high; high; males, little

68
Q

What is the main cause of the origin of primates?

A

Dinosaur extinction

69
Q

Name the 7 epochs in order from youngest to oldest (How Pretty Polly Makes Olivia Every Party) knowing general timeframes

A

Holocene 10,000 ya to present, Pleistocene 10,000 ya - 2 mya; Pliocene - 2-5 mya; Miocene - 5-24 mya; Oligocene - 24-34 mya; Eocene - 34-55 mya; Paleocene 55-65 mya

70
Q

Primates evolved during the ____ era

A

Cenozoic

71
Q

Name the three adaptation hypotheses discussed in class

A

Arboreal, Visual predation, Dietary shift

72
Q

Arboreal Hypothesis:

Developed ____ for ____

A

Traits; life in trees

73
Q

Visual predation hypothesis:

Developed ____ for ____

A

Traits; vision for catching prey

74
Q

Dietary shift hypothesis:

Developed ____

A

Traits in co-evolution with flowering plants

75
Q

Were the earliest primates considered true primates? Why or why not?

A

No due to presence of diastema, lateral eyes, non-prehensile hands + feet, claws, and having no post-orbital bar

76
Q

What creatures were around during the paleocene epoch?

A

Plesiadapis (plesiadapiformes)

77
Q

During which epoch did the first primate radiation occur?

A

Eocene Epoch

78
Q 
First Primate Radiation:
\_\_\_\_ evolve first
\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_ split
Most found in \_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_ vision
Post-orbital bar?
A

Strepsirhines; Strepsirhines and Haplorhines; North America and Europe; Stereoscopic; Yes

79
Q

During which epoch did the second primate radiation occur?

A

Oligocene Epoch

80
Q

Second Primate Radiation:
Higher or Lower temperatures? What subsequent effects resulted due to this change in temperature?
Reduction in ____, increased ____
Two main genera; name them and say which one is new world and which one is old world and the dental formula of both of them

A

Lower; reduced rainforest, increased terrestrial niches, southward movement of primates; snout, vision; Apidium (NWM 2.1.3.3), Aegyptopithecus (OWM 2.1.2.3)

81
Q 
Miocene Epoch:
Evolution of \_\_\_\_
African forms when? Name two primates
European forms when? Name two primates
Asian forms when? Name two primates
A

Old world catarrhines; 20-14 mya, proconsul and morotpithecus; 13-11 mya, oreopithecus and dryopithecus; 16-7 mya sivapithecus and gigantopithecus

82
Q

Name the two types of macroevolutionary change and elaborate on each

A

Gradualism: Accumulated microevolutionary changes or large-scale macroevolutionary change; Punctuated Equilibrium: Long periods of stasis, rapid bursts of evolutionary change

83
Q

____ designates a fossil formed from wind; ____ designates a fossil formed from water

A

Aolian; Alluvial

84
Q

What are the two ways of dating a fossil?

A

Relative and Absolute

85
Q

Name the three laws of stratigraphy dating

A

Law of Superposition, Law of stratigraphic association, Law of Uniformitarianism

86
Q

Define the law of superposition

A

Stuff on top of other stuff younger

87
Q

Define the law of stratigraphic association

A

Fossils roughly the same age if in same layer/stratum: “stratigraphically associated”

88
Q

Define the law of uniformitarianism

A

Gradual uniform process; if anything disturbed, all bets are off

89
Q

Lithostratigraphy:

What kind of rock?

A

Limestone, sediments

90
Q

Define cross-dating

A

Comparison of strata contents from two or more sites or areas within one site

91
Q

Define biostratigraphy

A

Comparative faunal analysis; determine similarity

92
Q

Define fluorine dating

A

Bones exposed to fluorine when in ground water

93
Q

Define chronometric dating

A

Gives an “exact” date though this is contested, involves physical and chemical processes

94
Q

Carbon-14 dating:
What can it be used on?
____ decay of Carbon-14
Half-life of ____ years

A

Anything organic including wood, bone, and shell; radioactive; 5730

95
Q

What are various issues associated with carbon-14 dating? (5)

A

Bone fossilization; charcoal; contamination; only goes back 50,000 years; older samples tricky

96
Q

Define Acceleration Mass Spectrometry (AMS)

A

Instead of waiting for decay events, counts proportion of carbon isotopes C-12 directly

97
Q

Potassium - 40 to Argon - 40 decay dating:
Half life of ____ years
Used on ____

A

1.25-1..31 billions years; volcanic rocks

98
Q

Uranium series decay:
On what materials?
How accurate?

A

Shell, limestone, cave stalactites, bone, wood, coral; very

99
Q

Fission track decay:
Effects of ___ decay
Used on ____

A

Ur-238; tephra

100
Q

Thermoluminescence Dating:
Measures ____ that is released during ____
Used on what materials?

A

light, heating; pottery, fire pits, burned flint tools, etc.

101
Q

Electron Spin Resonance (ESR):

Measures ____

A

Trapped electrons directly

102
Q

Dendrochronology:
____-ring
Useful for biological anthropologists?

A

Tree; not useful, cannot be used due to ring width varying due to several elements

Anthropology (4 decks)

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