Mid-Term 2 Flashcards
Humans are –> Class: ____; Order: ____
Mammalia; Primates (25)
Name Mammalian Characteristics (6)
Homeothermic (can control own body temp);
Intelligence (large brain to body size);
Reproductive Behavior (fewer young);
Mammary glands (used to nurse);
Prolonged immaturity (longer to grow up);
Heterodontism (multiple kinds of teeth); (25)
Name the five diets discussed in class
Frugivores --> fruit Folivores --> leaves Insectivores --> insects Carnivores --> meat Gumnivores --> saps/gum (25)
Name the 4 types of teeth
Incisors
Canines
Premolars
Molars (25)
Recite the dental breakdown of humans, apes, and old world monkeys
2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolar, 3 molar; 32 teeth total (25)
Recite the dental breakdown of new world monkeys
2 incisors, 1 canine, 3 premolar, 3 molar; 36 teeth total (25)
Name and elaborate on the two primate evolution theories
Arboreal hypothesis: Evolved for tree life as seen by anatomical trends
Visual predation hypothesis: Unique primate traits arose as adaptations to preying on insects (25)
Describe the divergence of the thumbs and big toes of primates
All primates thumbs are divergent, humans are the only ones to not also have the big toe divergent as well (26)
Cranial characteristics of primates: Brain size? Good sense of smell? What kind of vision? \_\_\_\_ bar
Large brains; less smell (better vision); stereoscopic vision; post-orbital bar (26)
Order of primates split into two: ____ vs. ____
Prosimians vs. Anthropoid (26)
Prosimians:____::Anthropoid:_____
Strepsirhines; haplorrhines (26)
Prosimians have ____ features
Ancestral/Primitive (26)
Anthropoids:
What kind of traits?
Where are they found in the fossil record in comparisoin to prosimians?
Derived; later than prosimians
What anatomical feature distinguishes haplorrhines from strepsirhines? Elaborate
Noses; Strepsirhines have wet, simple, curved noses, Haplorrhines have dry, complex, straight noses
Are tarsiers strepsirhines or haplorrhines?
Haplorrhines due to derived traits
The learned behavior of primates indicates behvaioral ____
Plasticity (changeable, malleable)
Name two living styles of primates concerning environment
Arboreal –> trees; Terrestrial –> ground
Name three living styles of primates concerning time of day
Diurnal –> awake during daytime; Nocturnal –> awake during nighttime; Crepuscular –> awake during dawn and dusk
Name the 7 types of social structure living groups discussed in class (no elaboration)
Solitary; Monogamous, polyandrous; polygynous; multi-male/multi-female; Noyau; fission-fusion
Solitary groups (*bad notes*): Mother is \_\_\_\_ Male is \_\_\_ Give examples of primates (2) Father involved in upbringing of children?
Dependent; single; orangutans and nocturnal prosimians; not involved
Monogamous groups: Which adults involved? Long or shot bond? Common or uncommon? Give examples of primates (2)
Adult male, adult female; long term pair bond; uncommon; gibbons and siamangs (only lesser apes do this bond)
Polyandrous groups: Multiple males or females? How many females reproducitvely active? Common or uncommon? Give examples of primates (3)
Several adult males; 1 female reproductively active; very rare; marmosets, tamarins, lemurs
Polygynous groups:
Multiple males or females?
Common or uncommon?
Give examples of primates (2)
Several adult females; common; gorillas, vervets
Multi-male/multi-female groups:
Common or uncommon?
What kind of system?
Give examples of primates (4)
Common; Hierarchical; howlers, baboons, macaques, chimps
Noyau groups:
How many males, how many females?
Give examples of primates (4)
Single adult male interacts with several females; lorises, lemurs, tarsiers, orangutans
Fissions-fission groups:
What’s the routine?
Give examples of primates (4)
Sleep, travel and repeat; chimps, capuchins, some lemurs
Name the 7 types of locomotion discussed in class (no elaboration)
Quadrupedalism; Vertical clinging and leaping; Brachiation; Knuckle-walking; Fist-walking; Quadrumanous; Bipedalism
Quadrupedalism locomotion:
How common?
Describe the anatomical distinctions between terrestrial and arboreal regarding limbs; tail, and digits
Most common; for terrestrial limbs equal length, tail short, digits short, while for arboreal limbs shorter, digits long, tail long
Vertical clingling and leaping locomotion:
Spring on ____
Longer ____ than ____
Prosimians or Anthropoids?
Hind legs; hindlimbs; forelimbs; prosimians
Brachiation locomotion: Arm swing over or under? Arms or legs longer? Long or short hands? What are the only two primates that do this?
Under; arms longer than legs; long hands; gibbons and siamangs (smaller apes)
Knuckle-walking locomotion:
On ____ knuckles
What apes only do this?
Forelimb; Only African apes
Quadrumanous locomotion:
How many limbs used?
Over or under branches?
What is the only primate to do this?
4; under; orangutans
Bipedalism locomotion:
Walking on ____
Only habitual for ____
Facultative for ____
Two feet; humans; apes
Roughly how many species of living primates are there?
420
Strepsirhinis:
Describe noses
Old or new world?
Nocturnal or Diurnal?
Arboreal or terrestrial?
Bigger on sense of smell or sense of vision?
2 important anatomical features: ____ and ____
Curved, wet noses; old world, nocturnal; arboreal; sense of smell; dental comb and grooming claw
Lemurs:
Where can they be found?
Large ones are __urnal and eat ____ while small ones are __urnal and eat ____
What type of locomotion for both?
Only in Madagascar; Diurnal; plants + fruit; nocturnal; insects; VCL (vertical clingling leaping)
Lorises: Where can they be found? Nocturnal or diurnal? Arboreal or terrestrial? Locomotion: Social structure: Diet:
Southeast Asia and Africa; nocturnal; arboreal; quadrupedalism and VCL; only live in solitary groups; insectivores, some fruit leaves and gum as well
Lemurs, lorises, galagos are ____ while humans, tarsiers, apes, and monkeys are ____
Strepsirhinis; Haplorhinis
Haplorhinis: Describe their noses Old or New World? Large or small body sizes? Large or small brains? Diurnal or nocturnal? Arboreal or terrestrial? Smell or vision superior? Post Orbital plate or bar?
Straight dry nose; both old and new world (old for Africa, Asia; New for South and Central America); Large body sizes; large brain sizes; all diurnal except for owl monkey, tarsier; both arboreal and terrestrial; vision superior; Plate for tarsiers and closures for all else (no bar)
Tarsiers: Where can they be found? Diurnal or nocturnal? Locomotion: Social structure: Diet: Having no \_\_\_ makes them be classified as a haplorhini instead of a strepsirhini
Southeast Asian islands; nocturnal; VCL; monogamous; insectivores; dental comb, rhinarium, tapetum lucidum
Platyrhini (infraorder of ____):
New or Old world monkeys?
Dental formula:
Nostrils point ____
Haplorhinis; New World; 2.1.3.3; laterally and outward
Superfamily of platyrrhini and subsequent two families within that superfamily:
Ceboidea; Callitricidae and cebidae
Callitrichidae: Give examples of primates (2) What special distinction do the offspring have? Retain claws? Diurnal or nocturnal? Locomotion?
Marmosets, tamarins; only twins; diurnal; arboreal quadrupedalism
Cebidae: Give examples of primates (5) What kind of tail? Locomotion? What kind of living? Diurnal or nocturnal?
Spider Howler Capuchin Woolly and bald Monkeys; prehensile (able to clasp) tails; arboreal quadrupedalism; group living; all diurnal except for howler monkey
Catarrhini (infraorder or \_\_\_\_): Old World or New World Monkeys? Dental formula? Nostrils point \_\_\_\_ Arboreal or terrestrial Diet: Prehensile tails?
Haplorhini; Old World Monkeys (as well as apes, humans); 2.1.2.3; downward; more terrestrial than arboreal; omnivorous; no prehensile tails
Two sub families within catyrrhini infraorder, cercopithecoidea superfamily and cercopithcidae family:
Cercopithecinae, colobinae
Cercopithecines:
Cheek-____ monkeys
Give 3 examples of primates
Where are they found?
Pouched; baboons, mandrills, macaques; asia and africa
Colobines: Diet: Arboreal or terrestrial? Give three examples of primates Where are they found? \_\_\_\_ stomachs Pouch or no pouch?
Foliovores; more arboreal; langurs, colobus, odd-nosed monkeys (probiscus); Asia and Africa; sacculated; no pouch
Hominoids: What primate designations do this include? Large or small body size? Tail? Flexibility of wrist joints? How many divisions? Name them
Lesser and great apes (humans); larger body sizes; no tail; flexible wrist joints; three divisions: hylobatidae, pongidae, hominine
Hylobatidae superfamily: What primates? Social structure? Locomotion? Where are they found? Sexual dimorphic or dichromatic?
Lesser apes gibbons and siamangs; monogamous; habitual brachiation; only in SE Asia; dichromatic (different colors for genders)
Pongidae subfamily:
What primates?
How large, how common?
Social structure?
Orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos; largest, least common; varied social structure including solitary, polygyny, multi-male
Orangutans: Locomotion: Sexual dimorphic or dichromatic? Social structure? Diet?
VCL and Fist-walking; sexual dimorphic; solitary; frugivores
Gorillas: How large? Locomotion: Sexual dimorphic or dichromatic? Social Structure: Diet:
Largest living primate; knuckle-walker; very sexually dimorphic; uni-male groups; folivores
Chimpanzees: Locomotion: Sexual dimorphic? Social Structure: Diet:
Knuckle-walkers; only slight sexual dimorphism; fissions-fusion social groups; omnivores
Bonobos: Locomotion: Sexual dimorphic? Social Structure: Diet:
Knuckle-walkers; sexual dimorphic; multi-male/multi-female groups; frugivores and folivores
Behavior is:
A ____ trait
Dependent on ____ and ____
Complex; genes; environment
Define sympatric
Same species of primate living in same areas
Define allopatric
Same species of primate living in neighboring areas
Name 2-3 challenges of field work
Identification; habituation; culture/language; politics; disease; money
Dominant Hierarchy:
____ system
Increased ____ success
Access to ____
Rank; reproductive; resources
Name modes of communication of primates (possible of 4)
Emotional state; body posture; facial expressions; vocalizations
Aggressive behaviors are ____, usually over ____
Disruptive; Resources (including sex)
Affiliative behaviors are ____, reduces ____, acts as a ____
Cohesive; aggression; social cement
Female reproductive cycle:
Difference in smell of ___
Sexual ____
Urine; swelling
Name the 2 reproductive strategies discussed in class
K-Selection; r-selection
K-selection reproductive strategy: What animals? Common or uncommon? High or low number of young? Who cares and how much?
Mammals; Common; low; Females, a lot
r-selection reproductive strategy:
What animals?
High or low number of young?
Who cares and how much?
Reptiles insects and fish; high; high; males, little
What is the main cause of the origin of primates?
Dinosaur extinction
Name the 7 epochs in order from youngest to oldest (How Pretty Polly Makes Olivia Every Party) knowing general timeframes
Holocene 10,000 ya to present, Pleistocene 10,000 ya - 2 mya; Pliocene - 2-5 mya; Miocene - 5-24 mya; Oligocene - 24-34 mya; Eocene - 34-55 mya; Paleocene 55-65 mya
Primates evolved during the ____ era
Cenozoic
Name the three adaptation hypotheses discussed in class
Arboreal, Visual predation, Dietary shift
Arboreal Hypothesis:
Developed ____ for ____
Traits; life in trees
Visual predation hypothesis:
Developed ____ for ____
Traits; vision for catching prey
Dietary shift hypothesis:
Developed ____
Traits in co-evolution with flowering plants
Were the earliest primates considered true primates? Why or why not?
No due to presence of diastema, lateral eyes, non-prehensile hands + feet, claws, and having no post-orbital bar
What creatures were around during the paleocene epoch?
Plesiadapis (plesiadapiformes)
During which epoch did the first primate radiation occur?
Eocene Epoch
First Primate Radiation: \_\_\_\_ evolve first \_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_ split Most found in \_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ vision Post-orbital bar?
Strepsirhines; Strepsirhines and Haplorhines; North America and Europe; Stereoscopic; Yes
During which epoch did the second primate radiation occur?
Oligocene Epoch
Second Primate Radiation:
Higher or Lower temperatures? What subsequent effects resulted due to this change in temperature?
Reduction in ____, increased ____
Two main genera; name them and say which one is new world and which one is old world and the dental formula of both of them
Lower; reduced rainforest, increased terrestrial niches, southward movement of primates; snout, vision; Apidium (NWM 2.1.3.3), Aegyptopithecus (OWM 2.1.2.3)
Miocene Epoch: Evolution of \_\_\_\_ African forms when? Name two primates European forms when? Name two primates Asian forms when? Name two primates
Old world catarrhines; 20-14 mya, proconsul and morotpithecus; 13-11 mya, oreopithecus and dryopithecus; 16-7 mya sivapithecus and gigantopithecus
Name the two types of macroevolutionary change and elaborate on each
Gradualism: Accumulated microevolutionary changes or large-scale macroevolutionary change; Punctuated Equilibrium: Long periods of stasis, rapid bursts of evolutionary change
____ designates a fossil formed from wind; ____ designates a fossil formed from water
Aolian; Alluvial
What are the two ways of dating a fossil?
Relative and Absolute
Name the three laws of stratigraphy dating
Law of Superposition, Law of stratigraphic association, Law of Uniformitarianism
Define the law of superposition
Stuff on top of other stuff younger
Define the law of stratigraphic association
Fossils roughly the same age if in same layer/stratum: “stratigraphically associated”
Define the law of uniformitarianism
Gradual uniform process; if anything disturbed, all bets are off
Lithostratigraphy:
What kind of rock?
Limestone, sediments
Define cross-dating
Comparison of strata contents from two or more sites or areas within one site
Define biostratigraphy
Comparative faunal analysis; determine similarity
Define fluorine dating
Bones exposed to fluorine when in ground water
Define chronometric dating
Gives an “exact” date though this is contested, involves physical and chemical processes
Carbon-14 dating:
What can it be used on?
____ decay of Carbon-14
Half-life of ____ years
Anything organic including wood, bone, and shell; radioactive; 5730
What are various issues associated with carbon-14 dating? (5)
Bone fossilization; charcoal; contamination; only goes back 50,000 years; older samples tricky
Define Acceleration Mass Spectrometry (AMS)
Instead of waiting for decay events, counts proportion of carbon isotopes C-12 directly
Potassium - 40 to Argon - 40 decay dating:
Half life of ____ years
Used on ____
1.25-1..31 billions years; volcanic rocks
Uranium series decay:
On what materials?
How accurate?
Shell, limestone, cave stalactites, bone, wood, coral; very
Fission track decay:
Effects of ___ decay
Used on ____
Ur-238; tephra
Thermoluminescence Dating:
Measures ____ that is released during ____
Used on what materials?
light, heating; pottery, fire pits, burned flint tools, etc.
Electron Spin Resonance (ESR):
Measures ____
Trapped electrons directly
Dendrochronology:
____-ring
Useful for biological anthropologists?
Tree; not useful, cannot be used due to ring width varying due to several elements
