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Anthropology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What makes us human?

A

Biggest distinctions are deliberate burials and use of fire, but there is no real answer

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2
Q

Traits of humans (5):

A

Habitual bipedalism; omnivores; primate heritage; large complex brains; spoken language

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3
Q

Hominins vs. Hominids:

A

Hominins are extant/extinct humans; hominids are extinct/extant great apes (think hominidae vs homininae)

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4
Q

Fundamental difference between humans and chimps:

A

Locomotion

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5
Q

Paleoanthropology:
Attempt to understand ____
4 patterns studied:

A

Human evolution; relationships, behaviors, dates, morphology

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6
Q

Oldest to most recent hominins (just state them in order, no elaboration):

A

Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Orroroin tugenensis; Ardipithecus ramidus/kadabba; Australopithecines; Homo habilis; Homo erectus; Archaic Homo sapiens; Modern Homo sapiens

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7
Q

Trends as humans evolved (4):

A

Bipedalism; encephalization (larger brain size); Balance of cranium (less robust); Loss of hair

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8
Q

The Rift Valley consisted of what area?

A

East Africa: Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania

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9
Q

During what epoch is there hominin differentiation?

A

Late Miocene epoch

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10
Q

Ilium pelvis bone for bipeds, quadrupeds

A

Bipeds: shorter, broader, laterally placed
Quadrupeds: Elongated, parallel to spine

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11
Q

Femoral articulations for bipeds, quadrupeds

A

Bipeds: Larger angle, inward, knock-kneed
Quadrupeds: Small angle, legs parallel hips to feet

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12
Q

Foramen magnum for bipeds, quadrupeds

A

Bipeds: Under skull
Quadrupeds: Back of skull

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13
Q

Elaborate on changes to big toe, tibia and fibula, and the knee joint as bipedalism evolved

A

Big toe larger, tibia and fibula more perpendicular to foot, knee joint rearranged (valgus angle)

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14
Q

Center of gravity for bipeds, quadrupeds

A

Bipeds: Weight centered above pelvis
Quadrupeds: Weight centered in front of body

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15
Q

Advantages/Disadvantages to bipedalism:

A

Advantages: Free hands, better vision
Disadvantages: More visible to predators, slower movement, increased risk of injury, restriction of habitat, restriction of birth canal

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16
Q

Around when did bipedalism arise and for what reason?

A

Around 7 mya, no single reason, just combination of factors

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17
Q 
Sahelanthropus tchadensis:
Brain size?
What primitive/derived traits?
Post-cranial?
Around what time?
Canine size? Thickness of enamel?
Bipedalism?
A

Small brain size
Large supraorbital torus (ape), more vertical face (humans)
No post-cranial
6-7 mya
Small canines, thick enamel
Unsure if bipedal; definitely not obligate, probably not habitual

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18
Q

Orrorin tugensensis:
What time and where?
Cranial capacity?
Primitive/derived traits?

A

6 mya East Africa
Cranial Capacity unknown
Teeth ape like (primitive), femur bipedal (derived)

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19
Q

Ardipithecus kadabba:

What time and were?

A

5.8-5.2 mya Ethiopia

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20
Q

Ardipithecus ramidus:
What time and where?
What does name mean?
Cranial Capacity?

A

4.5-4.3 mya East Africa
Ground floor ape root
300-350cc

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21
Q

Australopithecus Anamenis:

What time and where?

A

3.9-4.2 mya East Africa

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22
Q 
Australopithecus afarensis:
What time and where?
Cranial capacity?
Ape like qualities:
Human like qualities:
A

3-4 mya Ethiopia
380-500cc, average of 440cc; increased quite a bit
Curved phalanges, big toe more ape-like, prognathic (snout), canine diastema
Taller, heel bone, larger cc

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23
Q

Elaborate on “Lucy”:
Where on timeline?
First ____
Arms in comparison to modern humans

A 
Australopithecus afarensis (3-4 mya)
Definitive human
Arms longer than modern humans'
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24
Q

Australopithecus bahrelghazali:

What time and where?

A

3-3.5 mya Central Africa

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25
Q 
Kenayanthropus playtops:
What time and where?
Ape traits:
Hominin traits:
Evidence of \_\_\_\_
A

3.5-3.2 mya East Africa (Kenya)
Prognathic (snout), small brain 400-500cc
Molars hominin like
Adaptive radiation

26
Q

Australopithecus africanus
What time and where?
Gracile or robust (what is this distinction?)?
Height/weight of males, height/weight of females
Average cranial capacity

A

3-2 mya, South Africa
Gracile (not chunky bone-wise)
Male: 4’5’’, 90-130 pounds; Females: 4’, 55-65 pounds
450cc

27
Q

Australopithecus garhi
What time and where?
Cranial capacity? Considered small or large?
Similar to ____
Animal bones show ____
What has also been found with this species?

A 
2.5 mya East Africa
450cc (small)
A. afransis
Butchery marks
Tools: Cores, flakes, nonlocal rocks
28
Q

Three robust australopithecine species:

A

Australopithecus aethipicus, Australopithecus boisei, Australopithecus robustus

29
Q

Distinctions of robust australopithecines:
Hominin-like traits:
Body size large or small?
Cranial capacity?

A

Canines non-projecting, no diastema
Smaller body size
410-545cc

30
Q 
Australopithecus aethiopicus:
What time and where?
\_\_-existed
Intermediate between \_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_
Cranial capacity?
A

2.7-2.5 mya East Africa
Co
A.afarensis, robust forms
~410cc

31
Q

Australopithecus boisei:
What time and where?
Molar size?
Cranial capacity?

A

2.3 - 1.2 mya East Africa
Large molars
510-530cc

32
Q

Australopithecus robustus:
What time and where?
Cranial Capacity?
Height of males, females?

A

2.0-1.5 mya South Africa
500-550cc, average of 530cc
Males 4’6’’, Females 3’7’’

33
Q

How did the robust australopithecines go extinct?

A

Temperature went down, they had no fire, and they could not adjust their diets

34
Q

Homo genus defined by:

A

Cranial capacity; increase from 510cc - 1880cc in span of 2 million years
Small face, teeth, no prognathism
Taller in general

35
Q 
First known hominin species:
What time and where?
Cranial capacity?
Less post orbital \_\_\_\_\_
Small or large in general?
A 
Homo habilis
2.0-1.6 mya East and South Africa
Average of 610cc, range of 510-675cc
Constriction
Small in general
36
Q 
Oldowan Stone tools:
Who made the tools?
What type of rocks?
\_\_\_\_ Technique (entails what?)
A

A. robustus, unclear who used them first in general though, used by Homo habilis
Basaltic (volcanic)
Direct Percussion Technique; bang them together until sections removed, allowing for specific tools

37
Q 
Homo rudolfensis:
What time and where?
Larger or smaller body size?
Prognathic?
Cranial capacity?
A

2.4-1.6 mya East Africa
Larger
Flat face; not prognathic
780cc, range of 750-810cc

38
Q 
Homo erectus:
Name means \_\_\_\_
First one to \_\_\_\_
Originally thought of as \_\_\_\_
What epoch?
Primitive traits:
Derived traits:
Cranial Capacity
A

Upright walking human
Leave Africa
Missing link between apes and humans (invalid)
Pleistocene Epoch (Ice Age)
(P) Large Brow ridges, post orbital constriction, receding forehead, no chin
(D) Smaller face to head proportion, less prognathic, smaller jaw, smaller teeth, thick enamel, projecting nose
970cc, range of 750-1250cc

39
Q

Homo ergaster:
Ergaster is found in ____, Erectus is found in ____
Real species?

A

Ergaster in Africa, Erectus in Asia

Some splitters believe there should be this distinction between ergaster and erectus

40
Q

Homo antecessor:
What time and where?
Distinction in comparison to erectus:

A

1.2 mya Spain

Canine fossa, 1000cc, double brow

41
Q

Ancestor to Neandertals:

A

Homo heidelbergensis

42
Q 
Acheulean Tool Technology
Used by who around what time?
\_\_facial
Complex?
\_\_\_\_\_ technique (entails what?)
Uses:
A

Homo erectus, 1.4 mya - 125-115 kya
Bifacial
Not very complex
Soft percussion technique –> using material and striking rock with such force that flakes flake off
Butchering, cutting, digging, piercing, chopping

43
Q

Everyone up to Homo erectus scavenging/hunting? What was Homo erectus?

A

Scavenging; Hunting AND scavenging (persistence hunting)

44
Q

Scavenging:
They’re after ____ because ____
What tools used?

A

Bone marrow; stay fresh up until 10 days, full of protein, water, fat
Oldowan

45
Q

consuming too much organ meat on a daily basis could lead to death by ____

A

Vitamin A. Poisoning

46
Q

Fire:
Why so important?
Locations where there is evidence:

A

Warmth, cooking, protection, tool-making, socialization, extend the day
Asia, Africa, Europe

47
Q

Homo sapiens distinctive traits:

A 
Globular braincase
Vertical forehead (all before sloping forehead)
Reduced brow ridges
Chin
Face under skull
Reduced body mass
Thinner bones
Narrow trunk
Pelvic shape
Reduced tooth size
48
Q

2 forms of modern humans:

A

Early archaic Homo sapiens, Late archaic Homo sapiens

49
Q 
Early archaic homo sapiens:
Time period:
Mix of \_\_\_\_
Skeletal traits:
Cranial capacity:
A

400-130kya
Homo erectus & modern Homo sapiens
Longer, lower skull; larger brow ridge; bigger projecting face; larger front teeth, smaller molars, no chin; thick postcranial & cranial bones; sagittal keeling (not crest)
1100-1300c

50
Q 
Late archaic Homo sapiens:
Consist of the \_\_\_\_
Time period:
Trends:
Found where?
A

Neandertals (classical and generalized)
130-35/30 kya
Increased brain size, reduced tooth size, decreased skeletal robusticity
Middle East & Europe

51
Q 
Neandertals:
Skeletal traits:
Time period:
Cranial capacity:
2 forms:
A

Wide nasal apertures, projecting face, occipital bun, long low skull, large front teeth, wide and short stocky body, shorts limbs
170,000-30,000 ya
1520cc
Generalized, Classical

52
Q 
Generalized Neandertals:
Found where?
Gracile or robust?
Brow ridges smaller or larger?
No \_\_\_\_
Chin?
A

Middle East, Asia, East and Central Europe
Less robust, more gracile
Smaller
Occipital bun
They have a chin due to absorption of bone

53
Q

Classical Neandertals:
Found where?
Location allowed for what adaptations?
Biggest distinction from generalized:

A

Western Europe
Colder location allowed for short robust bodies, large long low craniums, large brow ridges, large nose, jaws, face
They have an occipital bun, generalized neandertals do not

54
Q

Mousterian tools:
Associated with ____
Around what time period?
____ technique (entailed what?)

A

Neandertals
300-30kya
Levallois technique (soft hammer percussion technique)

55
Q

Neandertals had intentional ____

A

Burials, with neandertals placed in a flexed position, head going the other direction, and tools and animals buried with them

56
Q

2 theories about what happened to the Neandertals:

A

Out competed, bred out

57
Q

Out competed Neandertal extinction theory:
Homo sapiens are better ____, more ____
Evidence:

A

Tool makers, intelligent

Speed of extinction

58
Q

Bred out Neandertal extinction theory:

Very confusing. Know the Scientist and his claims:

A

Kring, who claimed that homo sapiens and Neandertals did not interbreed

59
Q

Out of Africa hypothesis:
Modern homo sapiens first evolved in ____
____ evolved parallel to ____
Humans replace Neandertals when?

A

Africa
Archaic Homo sapiens, modern homo sapiens
40-30 kya

60
Q 
Multiregional Continuity Hypothesis:
\_\_\_\_ evolved into \_\_\_\_
Neandertals evolved \_\_\_\_
Continuous \_\_\_\_
Neandertals not a separate \_\_\_\_
A

Homo erectus, modern homo sapiens
Locally
Gene flow
Species

61
Q

Hybridization Hypothesis:
Homo erectus evolved into ____
Modern African Homo sapiens went to ____
Neandertal extinction?

A

Neandertals & modern African homo sapiens
Europe
No Neandertal extinction; “Bred out”

Anthropology (4 decks)

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