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Final Flashcards

1
Q

What makes us human?

A

Biggest distinctions are deliberate burials and use of fire, but there is no real answer

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2
Q

Traits of humans (5):

A

Habitual bipedalism; omnivores; primate heritage; large complex brains; spoken language

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3
Q

Hominins vs. Hominids:

A

Hominins are extant/extinct humans; hominids are extinct/extant great apes (think hominidae vs homininae)

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4
Q

Fundamental difference between humans and chimps:

A

Locomotion

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5
Q

Paleoanthropology:
Attempt to understand ____
4 patterns studied:

A

Human evolution; relationships, behaviors, dates, morphology

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6
Q

Oldest to most recent hominins (just state them in order, no elaboration):

A

Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Orroroin tugenensis; Ardipithecus ramidus/kadabba; Australopithecines; Homo habilis; Homo erectus; Archaic Homo sapiens; Modern Homo sapiens

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7
Q

Trends as humans evolved (4):

A

Bipedalism; encephalization (larger brain size); Balance of cranium (less robust); Loss of hair

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8
Q

The Rift Valley consisted of what area?

A

East Africa: Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania

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9
Q

During what epoch is there hominin differentiation?

A

Late Miocene epoch

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10
Q

Ilium pelvis bone for bipeds, quadrupeds

A

Bipeds: shorter, broader, laterally placed
Quadrupeds: Elongated, parallel to spine

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11
Q

Femoral articulations for bipeds, quadrupeds

A

Bipeds: Larger angle, inward, knock-kneed
Quadrupeds: Small angle, legs parallel hips to feet

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12
Q

Foramen magnum for bipeds, quadrupeds

A

Bipeds: Under skull
Quadrupeds: Back of skull

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13
Q

Elaborate on changes to big toe, tibia and fibula, and the knee joint as bipedalism evolved

A

Big toe larger, tibia and fibula more perpendicular to foot, knee joint rearranged (valgus angle)

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14
Q

Center of gravity for bipeds, quadrupeds

A

Bipeds: Weight centered above pelvis
Quadrupeds: Weight centered in front of body

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15
Q

Advantages/Disadvantages to bipedalism:

A

Advantages: Free hands, better vision
Disadvantages: More visible to predators, slower movement, increased risk of injury, restriction of habitat, restriction of birth canal

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16
Q

Around when did bipedalism arise and for what reason?

A

Around 7 mya, no single reason, just combination of factors

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17
Q 
Sahelanthropus tchadensis:
Brain size?
What primitive/derived traits?
Post-cranial?
Around what time?
Canine size? Thickness of enamel?
Bipedalism?
A

Small brain size
Large supraorbital torus (ape), more vertical face (humans)
No post-cranial
6-7 mya
Small canines, thick enamel
Unsure if bipedal; definitely not obligate, probably not habitual

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18
Q

Orrorin tugensensis:
What time and where?
Cranial capacity?
Primitive/derived traits?

A

6 mya East Africa
Cranial Capacity unknown
Teeth ape like (primitive), femur bipedal (derived)

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19
Q

Ardipithecus kadabba:

What time and were?

A

5.8-5.2 mya Ethiopia

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20
Q

Ardipithecus ramidus:
What time and where?
What does name mean?
Cranial Capacity?

A

4.5-4.3 mya East Africa
Ground floor ape root
300-350cc

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21
Q

Australopithecus Anamenis:

What time and where?

A

3.9-4.2 mya East Africa

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22
Q 
Australopithecus afarensis:
What time and where?
Cranial capacity?
Ape like qualities:
Human like qualities:
A

3-4 mya Ethiopia
380-500cc, average of 440cc; increased quite a bit
Curved phalanges, big toe more ape-like, prognathic (snout), canine diastema
Taller, heel bone, larger cc

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23
Q

Elaborate on “Lucy”:
Where on timeline?
First ____
Arms in comparison to modern humans

A 
Australopithecus afarensis (3-4 mya)
Definitive human
Arms longer than modern humans'
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24
Q

Australopithecus bahrelghazali:

What time and where?

A

3-3.5 mya Central Africa

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25
``` Kenayanthropus playtops: What time and where? Ape traits: Hominin traits: Evidence of ____ ```
3.5-3.2 mya East Africa (Kenya) Prognathic (snout), small brain 400-500cc Molars hominin like Adaptive radiation
26
Australopithecus africanus What time and where? Gracile or robust (what is this distinction?)? Height/weight of males, height/weight of females Average cranial capacity
3-2 mya, South Africa Gracile (not chunky bone-wise) Male: 4'5'', 90-130 pounds; Females: 4', 55-65 pounds 450cc
27
Australopithecus garhi What time and where? Cranial capacity? Considered small or large? Similar to ____ Animal bones show ____ What has also been found with this species?
``` 2.5 mya East Africa 450cc (small) A. afransis Butchery marks Tools: Cores, flakes, nonlocal rocks ```
28
Three robust australopithecine species:
Australopithecus aethipicus, Australopithecus boisei, Australopithecus robustus
29
Distinctions of robust australopithecines: Hominin-like traits: Body size large or small? Cranial capacity?
Canines non-projecting, no diastema Smaller body size 410-545cc
30
``` Australopithecus aethiopicus: What time and where? __-existed Intermediate between ____ and ____ Cranial capacity? ```
2.7-2.5 mya East Africa Co A.afarensis, robust forms ~410cc
31
Australopithecus boisei: What time and where? Molar size? Cranial capacity?
2.3 - 1.2 mya East Africa Large molars 510-530cc
32
Australopithecus robustus: What time and where? Cranial Capacity? Height of males, females?
2.0-1.5 mya South Africa 500-550cc, average of 530cc Males 4'6'', Females 3'7''
33
How did the robust australopithecines go extinct?
Temperature went down, they had no fire, and they could not adjust their diets
34
Homo genus defined by:
Cranial capacity; increase from 510cc - 1880cc in span of 2 million years Small face, teeth, no prognathism Taller in general
35
``` First known hominin species: What time and where? Cranial capacity? Less post orbital _____ Small or large in general? ```
``` Homo habilis 2.0-1.6 mya East and South Africa Average of 610cc, range of 510-675cc Constriction Small in general ```
36
``` Oldowan Stone tools: Who made the tools? What type of rocks? ____ Technique (entails what?) ```
A. robustus, unclear who used them first in general though, used by Homo habilis Basaltic (volcanic) Direct Percussion Technique; bang them together until sections removed, allowing for specific tools
37
``` Homo rudolfensis: What time and where? Larger or smaller body size? Prognathic? Cranial capacity? ```
2.4-1.6 mya East Africa Larger Flat face; not prognathic 780cc, range of 750-810cc
38
``` Homo erectus: Name means ____ First one to ____ Originally thought of as ____ What epoch? Primitive traits: Derived traits: Cranial Capacity ```
Upright walking human Leave Africa Missing link between apes and humans (invalid) Pleistocene Epoch (Ice Age) (P) Large Brow ridges, post orbital constriction, receding forehead, no chin (D) Smaller face to head proportion, less prognathic, smaller jaw, smaller teeth, thick enamel, projecting nose 970cc, range of 750-1250cc
39
Homo ergaster: Ergaster is found in ____, Erectus is found in ____ Real species?
Ergaster in Africa, Erectus in Asia | Some splitters believe there should be this distinction between ergaster and erectus
40
Homo antecessor: What time and where? Distinction in comparison to erectus:
1.2 mya Spain | Canine fossa, 1000cc, double brow
41
Ancestor to Neandertals:
Homo heidelbergensis
42
``` Acheulean Tool Technology Used by who around what time? __facial Complex? _____ technique (entails what?) Uses: ```
Homo erectus, 1.4 mya - 125-115 kya Bifacial Not very complex Soft percussion technique --> using material and striking rock with such force that flakes flake off Butchering, cutting, digging, piercing, chopping
43
Everyone up to Homo erectus scavenging/hunting? What was Homo erectus?
Scavenging; Hunting AND scavenging (persistence hunting)
44
Scavenging: They're after ____ because ____ What tools used?
Bone marrow; stay fresh up until 10 days, full of protein, water, fat Oldowan
45
consuming too much organ meat on a daily basis could lead to death by ____
Vitamin A. Poisoning
46
Fire: Why so important? Locations where there is evidence:
Warmth, cooking, protection, tool-making, socialization, extend the day Asia, Africa, Europe
47
Homo sapiens distinctive traits:
``` Globular braincase Vertical forehead (all before sloping forehead) Reduced brow ridges Chin Face under skull Reduced body mass Thinner bones Narrow trunk Pelvic shape Reduced tooth size ```
48
2 forms of modern humans:
Early archaic Homo sapiens, Late archaic Homo sapiens
49
``` Early archaic homo sapiens: Time period: Mix of ____ Skeletal traits: Cranial capacity: ```
400-130kya Homo erectus & modern Homo sapiens Longer, lower skull; larger brow ridge; bigger projecting face; larger front teeth, smaller molars, no chin; thick postcranial & cranial bones; sagittal keeling (not crest) 1100-1300c
50
``` Late archaic Homo sapiens: Consist of the ____ Time period: Trends: Found where? ```
Neandertals (classical and generalized) 130-35/30 kya Increased brain size, reduced tooth size, decreased skeletal robusticity Middle East & Europe
51
``` Neandertals: Skeletal traits: Time period: Cranial capacity: 2 forms: ```
Wide nasal apertures, projecting face, occipital bun, long low skull, large front teeth, wide and short stocky body, shorts limbs 170,000-30,000 ya 1520cc Generalized, Classical
52
``` Generalized Neandertals: Found where? Gracile or robust? Brow ridges smaller or larger? No ____ Chin? ```
Middle East, Asia, East and Central Europe Less robust, more gracile Smaller Occipital bun They have a chin due to absorption of bone
53
Classical Neandertals: Found where? Location allowed for what adaptations? Biggest distinction from generalized:
Western Europe Colder location allowed for short robust bodies, large long low craniums, large brow ridges, large nose, jaws, face They have an occipital bun, generalized neandertals do not
54
Mousterian tools: Associated with ____ Around what time period? ____ technique (entailed what?)
Neandertals 300-30kya Levallois technique (soft hammer percussion technique)
55
Neandertals had intentional ____
Burials, with neandertals placed in a flexed position, head going the other direction, and tools and animals buried with them
56
2 theories about what happened to the Neandertals:
Out competed, bred out
57
Out competed Neandertal extinction theory: Homo sapiens are better ____, more ____ Evidence:
Tool makers, intelligent | Speed of extinction
58
Bred out Neandertal extinction theory: | Very confusing. Know the Scientist and his claims:
Kring, who claimed that homo sapiens and Neandertals did not interbreed
59
Out of Africa hypothesis: Modern homo sapiens first evolved in ____ ____ evolved parallel to ____ Humans replace Neandertals when?
Africa Archaic Homo sapiens, modern homo sapiens 40-30 kya
60
``` Multiregional Continuity Hypothesis: ____ evolved into ____ Neandertals evolved ____ Continuous ____ Neandertals not a separate ____ ```
Homo erectus, modern homo sapiens Locally Gene flow Species
61
Hybridization Hypothesis: Homo erectus evolved into ____ Modern African Homo sapiens went to ____ Neandertal extinction?
Neandertals & modern African homo sapiens Europe No Neandertal extinction; "Bred out"

Anthropology (4 decks)

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