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Anthropology > Final - Lab Manual > Flashcards

Final - Lab Manual Flashcards

1
Q

The 7 anatomical traits indicating bipedality in hominins:

A

Foramen magnum position, vertebral column shape, pelvic shape, limb proportions, femoral angle, foot morphology, hallux position

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2
Q

Bipedalism evolved in a ____ fashioin

A

Mosaic

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3
Q

Quadrupeds/Bipeds foramen magnum position:

A

Foramen magnum is large opening in occipital bone through which spinal cord passes
Quadrupeds: Located posteriorly at back of skull
Bipeds: Located anteriorly underneath the skull

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4
Q

Quadrupeds/Bipeds vertebral column shape:

A

Quadrupeds: Center of gravity low, remains between four limbs; C-shaped spines
Bipeds: Center of gravity towards midline of body, spinal curvature altered; S-shaped spines

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5
Q

Quadrupeds/Bipeds pelvic shape:

A

Quadrupeds: Pelvis tall and narrow
Bipeds: Wide and basin-shaped

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6
Q

Quadrupeds/Bipeds limb proportions:

A

Quadrupeds: Oppositive of biped description
Bipeds: Long lengs relative to their trunk and arms, shorter upper limbs

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7
Q

Quadrupeds/Bipeds femoral angle:

A

Femoral angle is angle between distal femur and proximal tibia at the knee
Quadrupeds: Shorter femoral neck; ~90 degrees varus knee
Bipeds: Longer femoral neck; proximal femur laterally placed;

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8
Q

Quadrupeds/Bipeds foot morphology:

A

Quadrupeds: Move on all four limbs, hand and feet have similar function
Bipeds: Move on two legs, hands and feet have different functions-evolution of transverse (running medially to laterally along plantar surface of foot) and longitudinal arches (running length of foot)

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9
Q

Quadrupeds/Bipeds hallux position:

A

Hallux is the big toe
Quadrupeds: Divergent
Bipeds: Enlarged, use as an opposable digit lost (adducted and not divergent)

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10
Q

Fossil evidence of bipedalism first appeared in hominin lineage about ____ million years ago

A

7

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11
Q

What limb proportions would you expect to see on a hominin?

A

Long legs relative to arms

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12
Q

Humans have a ____ knee

A

Valgus

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13
Q

Potential problems for classifying paleospecies:

A

Allometry, Sexual dimorphism, Incomplete fossil record, Intra-specific and inter-specific variation

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14
Q

Name the five genuses within the subfamily homininae and tribe hominini:

A

Sahelanthropus, orrorin, ardipithecus, australopithecus, homo

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15
Q

Name the 7 traits used to distinguish hominins from other apes:

A

Bipedalism, increased encephalization, reduced prognathism, reduced diastema, lack CP3 honing complex parabolic dnetal arch shape, thick dental enamel

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16
Q

Encephalization apes/humans:

A

Chimpanzees: 350-400cc

Modern humans: 1300-1400cc

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17
Q

Chewing habits apes/humans:

A

Apes: Chew and slice their food, using muscles of mastication
Humans: Crush and grind their food

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18
Q

Dental arch shape apes/humans:

A

Apes: U-shaped (parallel rows of cheek teeth)
Humans: Parabolic (diverging cheek teeth)

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19
Q

Study of morphological changes during growth and development of body parts is called ____

A

Allometry

20
Q

Fossil record is incomplete because:

A

Most organisms do no fossilize, it is difficult to find fossilized individuals, complete species variation is not always represented

21
Q

____ australopithecines evolved several traits that may assist in hard-object feeding

A

Robust

22
Q

____ is a derived trait among robust australopithecines

A

Flared zygomatics

23
Q

Earliest hominin to appear in fossil record is ____

A

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

24
Q

____ allows us to infer diet

A

Enamel

25
Q

The proto-hominin genuses include:

A

Sahelanthropus, orrorin, ardipithecus

26
Q

Name the 6 traits used to distinguish genus Homo from other hominins

A

Substantial encephalization, reduced prognathism, smaller teeth than earlier hominins, absence of a diastema, thicker dental enamel, evidence of tool use

27
Q

Earliest species within genus Homo:

A

Homo habilis

28
Q

H. habilis is believed to have evolved from a species of ____

A

Gracile australopithecine

29
Q

____ was the first hominin to leave Africa and spread into Europe and Asia

A

Homo erectus

30
Q

Name the three types of tool technology:

A

Oldowan, Acheulian, Mousterian

31
Q

Oldowan tool technology:
__faced
Most commonly associated with ____

A

Unifaced (flaked on only one side)

Homo habilis

32
Q

Acheulian tool technology:
__faced
Most commonly associated with ____

A

Bifaced (flaked on both sides)

Homo erectus, who developed the more sophisticated stone tool technology as they spread out of Africa

33
Q 
Mousterian tool technology:
Used primarily by \_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_ technique
First to use \_\_\_\_
Designed specifically for \_\_\_\_
A

Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
Levallois technique –> using a stone to remove micro-flakes from would-be tool
Hafting –> attaching a stone tool to a stick or other implement to create a compound tool
Hunting

34
Q

What trait remained constant throughout the evolution of homo cranial morphology?

A

Location of the foramen magnum

35
Q

When using ____ analysis, features found on the skull and pelvis provide the best markers for estimating ____

A

Anthroposcopic; sex

36
Q

three most commonly used methods for estimating subadult age involve:

A

Tooth development, tooth eruption, epiphyseal fusion

37
Q

Three categories of timing of injury that can be observed by forensic anthropologists and bioarchaeologists:

A

Antemortem, Perimortem, Postmortem

38
Q

Antemortem injuries:
Occur ____
Show signs of ___
____ edges

A

Before death
Healing
Rounded

39
Q

Perimortem injuries:
Occur ____
____ edges
Signs of healing?

A

Around time of death (injuries not necessarily cause of death)
Sharp
No signs of healing

40
Q 
Postmortem injuries:
Occur \_\_\_\_
Signs of healing?
Tend to show \_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_ edges
A

After death to skeleton
No bearing on health of individual
Discoloration
Jagged

41
Q

Three basic types of trauma:

A

Sharp force, blunt force, ballistic

42
Q

Ballistic trauma: ____ hole larger than ____

A

Exit, entrance

43
Q

Forensic anthropology is scientific application of physical anthropology in ____ context

A

Medico-legal

44
Q

Forensic anthropologist analyze skeletal remains of ____ individual at a time; bioarchaeologists analyze ____ individuals at a time

A

Single, multiple

45
Q

Methods used to estimate an age range for subadult skeletal remains are based on patters of:

A

Tooth development and eruption

46
Q

____ and ____ can possibly be determined from pelvis

A

Sex, age

47
Q

A lesion with rounded edges and additional bone growth occurred:

A

Antemortem

Anthropology (4 decks)

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