Final - Lab Manual Flashcards
The 7 anatomical traits indicating bipedality in hominins:
Foramen magnum position, vertebral column shape, pelvic shape, limb proportions, femoral angle, foot morphology, hallux position
Bipedalism evolved in a ____ fashioin
Mosaic
Quadrupeds/Bipeds foramen magnum position:
Foramen magnum is large opening in occipital bone through which spinal cord passes
Quadrupeds: Located posteriorly at back of skull
Bipeds: Located anteriorly underneath the skull
Quadrupeds/Bipeds vertebral column shape:
Quadrupeds: Center of gravity low, remains between four limbs; C-shaped spines
Bipeds: Center of gravity towards midline of body, spinal curvature altered; S-shaped spines
Quadrupeds/Bipeds pelvic shape:
Quadrupeds: Pelvis tall and narrow
Bipeds: Wide and basin-shaped
Quadrupeds/Bipeds limb proportions:
Quadrupeds: Oppositive of biped description
Bipeds: Long lengs relative to their trunk and arms, shorter upper limbs
Quadrupeds/Bipeds femoral angle:
Femoral angle is angle between distal femur and proximal tibia at the knee
Quadrupeds: Shorter femoral neck; ~90 degrees varus knee
Bipeds: Longer femoral neck; proximal femur laterally placed;
Quadrupeds/Bipeds foot morphology:
Quadrupeds: Move on all four limbs, hand and feet have similar function
Bipeds: Move on two legs, hands and feet have different functions-evolution of transverse (running medially to laterally along plantar surface of foot) and longitudinal arches (running length of foot)
Quadrupeds/Bipeds hallux position:
Hallux is the big toe
Quadrupeds: Divergent
Bipeds: Enlarged, use as an opposable digit lost (adducted and not divergent)
Fossil evidence of bipedalism first appeared in hominin lineage about ____ million years ago
7
What limb proportions would you expect to see on a hominin?
Long legs relative to arms
Humans have a ____ knee
Valgus
Potential problems for classifying paleospecies:
Allometry, Sexual dimorphism, Incomplete fossil record, Intra-specific and inter-specific variation
Name the five genuses within the subfamily homininae and tribe hominini:
Sahelanthropus, orrorin, ardipithecus, australopithecus, homo
Name the 7 traits used to distinguish hominins from other apes:
Bipedalism, increased encephalization, reduced prognathism, reduced diastema, lack CP3 honing complex parabolic dnetal arch shape, thick dental enamel
Encephalization apes/humans:
Chimpanzees: 350-400cc
Modern humans: 1300-1400cc
Chewing habits apes/humans:
Apes: Chew and slice their food, using muscles of mastication
Humans: Crush and grind their food
Dental arch shape apes/humans:
Apes: U-shaped (parallel rows of cheek teeth)
Humans: Parabolic (diverging cheek teeth)
Study of morphological changes during growth and development of body parts is called ____
Allometry
Fossil record is incomplete because:
Most organisms do no fossilize, it is difficult to find fossilized individuals, complete species variation is not always represented
____ australopithecines evolved several traits that may assist in hard-object feeding
Robust
____ is a derived trait among robust australopithecines
Flared zygomatics
Earliest hominin to appear in fossil record is ____
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
____ allows us to infer diet
Enamel
The proto-hominin genuses include:
Sahelanthropus, orrorin, ardipithecus
Name the 6 traits used to distinguish genus Homo from other hominins
Substantial encephalization, reduced prognathism, smaller teeth than earlier hominins, absence of a diastema, thicker dental enamel, evidence of tool use
Earliest species within genus Homo:
Homo habilis
H. habilis is believed to have evolved from a species of ____
Gracile australopithecine
____ was the first hominin to leave Africa and spread into Europe and Asia
Homo erectus
Name the three types of tool technology:
Oldowan, Acheulian, Mousterian
Oldowan tool technology:
__faced
Most commonly associated with ____
Unifaced (flaked on only one side)
Homo habilis
Acheulian tool technology:
__faced
Most commonly associated with ____
Bifaced (flaked on both sides)
Homo erectus, who developed the more sophisticated stone tool technology as they spread out of Africa
Mousterian tool technology: Used primarily by \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ technique First to use \_\_\_\_ Designed specifically for \_\_\_\_
Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
Levallois technique –> using a stone to remove micro-flakes from would-be tool
Hafting –> attaching a stone tool to a stick or other implement to create a compound tool
Hunting
What trait remained constant throughout the evolution of homo cranial morphology?
Location of the foramen magnum
When using ____ analysis, features found on the skull and pelvis provide the best markers for estimating ____
Anthroposcopic; sex
three most commonly used methods for estimating subadult age involve:
Tooth development, tooth eruption, epiphyseal fusion
Three categories of timing of injury that can be observed by forensic anthropologists and bioarchaeologists:
Antemortem, Perimortem, Postmortem
Antemortem injuries:
Occur ____
Show signs of ___
____ edges
Before death
Healing
Rounded
Perimortem injuries:
Occur ____
____ edges
Signs of healing?
Around time of death (injuries not necessarily cause of death)
Sharp
No signs of healing
Postmortem injuries: Occur \_\_\_\_ Signs of healing? Tend to show \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ edges
After death to skeleton
No bearing on health of individual
Discoloration
Jagged
Three basic types of trauma:
Sharp force, blunt force, ballistic
Ballistic trauma: ____ hole larger than ____
Exit, entrance
Forensic anthropology is scientific application of physical anthropology in ____ context
Medico-legal
Forensic anthropologist analyze skeletal remains of ____ individual at a time; bioarchaeologists analyze ____ individuals at a time
Single, multiple
Methods used to estimate an age range for subadult skeletal remains are based on patters of:
Tooth development and eruption
____ and ____ can possibly be determined from pelvis
Sex, age
A lesion with rounded edges and additional bone growth occurred:
Antemortem
