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microbiology > microscopy + cell morphology 9/17 > Flashcards

microscopy + cell morphology 9/17 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the scanning probe/tunneling microscope and how does it work

A

–Magnification 100 million times, can view atoms on surface of a solid

–steady current (tunneling current) maintained between microscope probe and specimen

–Up/down movement of probe as it maintains current is detected, used to create image of surface of specimen

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2
Q

atomic force microscope

A

–Sharp probe moves over surface of specimen at constant distance

–The stylus measures weak repulsive forces between it and the specimen

–Up and down movement of probe as it maintains constant distance is detected and used to create image

–A computer generates an image based on the data received from the stylus

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3
Q

what is a culture

A

•to grow microorganisms (v); the liquid or solid substance containing growing microorganisms (n)

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4
Q

what is a medium and what are the different types

A

•the nutrient material used to culture micoorganisms

–Liquid medium or broth medium

–Solid medium – contains solidifying agent

•Agar or gelatin

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5
Q

what is a mixed culture

A

2 or more species

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6
Q

what is a pure culture

A

only 1 species

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7
Q

what does sterile mean

A

free of all viable microorganisms

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8
Q

what is inoculation

A

•adding microorganisms to culture media

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9
Q

what is contaminant

A

•any unwanted microorganism in the medium

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10
Q

what is asceptic (sterile) technique

A

•anything done to minimize contamination

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11
Q

how do prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes

A

–most are smaller

–most lack internal membrane systems

•and no internal phospholipid bilayer membranes

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12
Q

what taxa are prokaryotes divided into

A

domains bacteria and archaea

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13
Q

what is the size range for prokaryotes

A

•0.2 µm to >700 µm in diameter

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14
Q

how big are most cultured rod shaped bacteria

A

between 0.5 and 4.0 µm wide and <15 µm long

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15
Q

how big are most spherical coccus

A

–1 µm diameter or less

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16
Q

how large can some prokaryotes get

A

> 500 µm

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17
Q

what is the size range of eukaryotic cells

A

•10 to >200 µm in diameter (but some larger)

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18
Q

what is morphology

A

cell shape

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19
Q

what are the major cell morphologies common in domain bacteria

A

coccus, bacillus, spirillum

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20
Q

how are coccus shaped

A

–spherical or ovoid

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21
Q

what shape are bacillus

A

cylindrical shape - rod

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22
Q

what shape are spirillum

A

spiral shape

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23
Q

what is diplococci

A

pairs of cocci

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24
Q

what is streptococci

A

chains

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25
what is staphylococci
grape like clusters
26
what are tetrads
4 cocci in a square
27
what are sarcinae
cubic configuration of 8 cocci all perpendicular to each other
28
what are the two meanings of staphylococcus
many cocci and genus name
29
what are diplobacilli
2 bacilli
30
what are streptobacilli
chains of bacilli
31
what is a pallisade
–several parallel cells along long axis
32
what are coccobacilli
very short rods
33
what are vibrios
•resemble rods, comma shaped
34
what are spirilla
rigid helices
35
what are spirochetes
flexible helices
36
mycelium
•network of long, multinucleate filamentous cells
37
pleomorphic
•organisms that are variable in shape
38
what shapes can archae be
–pleomorphic, branched, flat, square, other unique shapes
39
what are the benefits of being small to a cell
•Small cells have more surface area relative to cell volume than large cells (i.e., higher S/V) –This allows greater nutrient exchange per unit cell volume –Thus, small cells tend to grow faster than larger cells
40
what are the lower limits of cell size and where are they likely to be found
–Cellular organisms \<0.15 µm in diameter are unlikely –Open oceans tend to contain small cells (0.2–0.4 µm in diameter
41
what are the main parts of the prokaryotic cell structure
* 1) Structures exterior to the cell wall * 2) Cell Wall * 3) Cell membranes * 4) Structures within cell membrane
42
what parts of referred to as the cell envelope
* 1) Structures exterior to the cell wall * 2) Cell Wall * 3) Cell membranes
43
is the cell envelope different in arachae and bacteria?
yes
44
what is requirement for all living organisms
cell membrane
45
Some prokaryotes (both domain Bacteria and Archaea) also have internal membrane systems but
are different from the internal membrane (phospholipid bilayer) systems in eukaryotes
46
what are the functions of a cell membrane
* Maintains cell’s integrity - Vital barrier that separates cytoplasm from environment (if no cell membrane, no cell) * Regulates transport - highly selective permeable barrier * Energy metabolism in prokaryotes (not eukaryotes) * Protein attachment * Receptors for detection of and response to chemicals in surroundings * Other functions
47
what is the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure
- all domains ## Footnote * Membrane somewhat fluid, somewhat solid * Lipid bilayers with floating proteins –amphipathic lipids * polar ends (hydrophilic – interact with water) * non-polar tails (hydrophobic – insoluble in water) –membrane proteins
48
do domain bacteria have sterols or hapanoids
very few have sterols but can have hapanoids or other molecules
49
what type of proteins are amphipathic
integral and transmembrane
50
what are peripheral proteins
–loosely connected to membrane on cytoplasmic side –easily removed
51
what are integral proteins
–amphipathic – embedded within membrane and project outward or inward –carry out important functions –may exist as microdomains
52
transmembrane proteins
•completely crosses membrane from one side to the other-usually transport proteins
53
what is the difference between interactions of outer surface of cytoplasmic membrane and inner surface
* Outer surface of cytoplasmic membrane can interact with a variety of proteins that bind substrates or process large molecules for transport * Inner surface of cytoplasmic membrane interacts with proteins involved in energy-yielding reactions and other important cellular functions
54
what are sterols
* Rigid, planar lipids found in eukaryotic membranes Strengthen and stabilize membranes * Only found in a very few prokaryotes (typically wall-less prokaryotes (ie, Mycoplasma))
55
what are hopanoids
* Structurally similar to sterols * Present in membranes of many Bacteria
56
what are two types of membrane strengthening agents
sterols and hopanoids
57
Saturation levels of membrane lipids reflect ...
•environmental conditions such as temperature
58
what do hopanoids do for bacterial membranes
–stabilize membrane –found in petroleum
59
what is the relationship between cell membranes and temperature/properties
•liquid crystal; some properties like liquid, some like solid; needs to be at right fluidity which is temperature dependent
60
what does too cold and too hot mean for a cell membrane
–Too cold = solidification (gelling) –Too hot = thermal lysis (cell death)
61
what do hot and cold temperatures signify for fatty acid composition of phospholipids
–Cold – more unsaturated fatty acids – minimize van der Waals forces –Hot – more saturated fatty acids – maximize van der Waals forces
62
Adjust ratio of sterols, hopanoids or other lipids to phospholipids to
•to maximize or minimize van der waals forces
63
what do van der waals forces cause
solidification
64
what is passive transport
•transport which does not require ATP or other cellular energy to be used by the cell (but energy of molecules are involved)
65
what is active transport
•transport which requires the cell to expend its own energy in the form of ATP (or other cellular energy)
66
what is simple transport
transport which does not require a transport protein
67
what is facilitated transport
transport that requires a transport protein
68
what is diffusion
•the movement of a molecule due to its inherent kinetic energy from a region where it is in higher concentration to a region(s) where it is in lower concentration (it is passive transport)
69
what is osmosis
•the diffusion of water across a membrane (passive transport)
70
How a molecule gets across a phospholipid bilayer/protein membrane depends on
–1) The charge on the molecule – ionic, polar, non polar –2) The size of the molecule –3) The shape of the molecule
71
To pass across a phospholipid bilayer/protein membrane a molecule can go either
* A) Between the phospholipids (simple transport) – must be non polar or a very small polar molecule (water) * B) Through a transport protein (facilitated transport) – all ions and nearly all polar molecules
72
what is simple diffusion
•diffusion between the phospholipids (passive and no transport proteins) – non polar molecules; water
73
what is facilitated diffusion and what is it common in
•diffusion through a transport protein (passive) –common in eukaryotes; less common prokaryotes; In direction of concentration gradient (High to low) –For ions and polar molecules
74
what is active transport
•any transport which requires the cell to expend its own energy (usually ATP); in prokaryotes, active transport is always facilitated (proteins required) and is in the direction against the concentration gradient (low to high) –Can be ions, polar molecules and sometimes bigger non polar molecules –No endocytosis/exocytosis in prokaryotes\*\*\*
75
what are the three types of transport systems
uniport, symport, antiport
76
what is uniport
–transport in one direction across the membrane
77
what is symport
–function as co-transporters
78
what are antiporters
transport a molecule across the membrane while simultaneously transporting another molecule in the opposite direction- way of saving energy
79
what is receptor mediated transport system
•ligand binds specific protein receptors on cell surface –Show saturation effect –Highly specific
80
what is group translocation
* simultaneous transport and chemical modification of transported substance * Energy dependent transport that chemically modifies molecule as it is brought into cell * Best known translocation system is phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS)
81

microbiology (11 decks)

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