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microbiology > microscopy + cell morphology 9/17 > Flashcards

microscopy + cell morphology 9/17 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the scanning probe/tunneling microscope and how does it work

A

–Magnification 100 million times, can view atoms on surface of a solid

–steady current (tunneling current) maintained between microscope probe and specimen

–Up/down movement of probe as it maintains current is detected, used to create image of surface of specimen

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2
Q

atomic force microscope

A

–Sharp probe moves over surface of specimen at constant distance

–The stylus measures weak repulsive forces between it and the specimen

–Up and down movement of probe as it maintains constant distance is detected and used to create image

–A computer generates an image based on the data received from the stylus

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3
Q

what is a culture

A

•to grow microorganisms (v); the liquid or solid substance containing growing microorganisms (n)

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4
Q

what is a medium and what are the different types

A

•the nutrient material used to culture micoorganisms

–Liquid medium or broth medium

–Solid medium – contains solidifying agent

•Agar or gelatin

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5
Q

what is a mixed culture

A

2 or more species

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6
Q

what is a pure culture

A

only 1 species

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7
Q

what does sterile mean

A

free of all viable microorganisms

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8
Q

what is inoculation

A

•adding microorganisms to culture media

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9
Q

what is contaminant

A

•any unwanted microorganism in the medium

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10
Q

what is asceptic (sterile) technique

A

•anything done to minimize contamination

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11
Q

how do prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes

A

–most are smaller

–most lack internal membrane systems

•and no internal phospholipid bilayer membranes

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12
Q

what taxa are prokaryotes divided into

A

domains bacteria and archaea

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13
Q

what is the size range for prokaryotes

A

•0.2 µm to >700 µm in diameter

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14
Q

how big are most cultured rod shaped bacteria

A

between 0.5 and 4.0 µm wide and <15 µm long

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15
Q

how big are most spherical coccus

A

–1 µm diameter or less

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16
Q

how large can some prokaryotes get

A

> 500 µm

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17
Q

what is the size range of eukaryotic cells

A

•10 to >200 µm in diameter (but some larger)

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18
Q

what is morphology

A

cell shape

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19
Q

what are the major cell morphologies common in domain bacteria

A

coccus, bacillus, spirillum

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20
Q

how are coccus shaped

A

–spherical or ovoid

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21
Q

what shape are bacillus

A

cylindrical shape - rod

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22
Q

what shape are spirillum

A

spiral shape

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23
Q

what is diplococci

A

pairs of cocci

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24
Q

what is streptococci

A

chains

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25
Q

what is staphylococci

A

grape like clusters

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26
Q

what are tetrads

A

4 cocci in a square

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27
Q

what are sarcinae

A

cubic configuration of 8 cocci all perpendicular to each other

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28
Q

what are the two meanings of staphylococcus

A

many cocci and genus name

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29
Q

what are diplobacilli

A

2 bacilli

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30
Q

what are streptobacilli

A

chains of bacilli

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31
Q

what is a pallisade

A

–several parallel cells along long axis

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32
Q

what are coccobacilli

A

very short rods

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33
Q

what are vibrios

A

•resemble rods, comma shaped

34
Q

what are spirilla

A

rigid helices

35
Q

what are spirochetes

A

flexible helices

36
Q

mycelium

A

•network of long, multinucleate filamentous cells

37
Q

pleomorphic

A

•organisms that are variable in shape

38
Q

what shapes can archae be

A

–pleomorphic, branched, flat, square, other unique shapes

39
Q

what are the benefits of being small to a cell

A

•Small cells have more surface area relative to cell volume than large cells (i.e., higher S/V)

–This allows greater nutrient exchange per unit cell volume

–Thus, small cells tend to grow faster than larger cells

40
Q

what are the lower limits of cell size and where are they likely to be found

A

–Cellular organisms <0.15 µm in diameter are unlikely

–Open oceans tend to contain small cells (0.2–0.4 µm in diameter

41
Q

what are the main parts of the prokaryotic cell structure

A
  • 1) Structures exterior to the cell wall
  • 2) Cell Wall
  • 3) Cell membranes
  • 4) Structures within cell membrane
42
Q

what parts of referred to as the cell envelope

A
  • 1) Structures exterior to the cell wall
  • 2) Cell Wall
  • 3) Cell membranes
43
Q

is the cell envelope different in arachae and bacteria?

A

yes

44
Q

what is requirement for all living organisms

A

cell membrane

45
Q

Some prokaryotes (both domain Bacteria and Archaea) also have internal membrane systems but

A

are different from the internal membrane (phospholipid bilayer) systems in eukaryotes

46
Q

what are the functions of a cell membrane

A
  • Maintains cell’s integrity - Vital barrier that separates cytoplasm from environment (if no cell membrane, no cell)
  • Regulates transport - highly selective permeable barrier
  • Energy metabolism in prokaryotes (not eukaryotes)
  • Protein attachment
  • Receptors for detection of and response to chemicals in surroundings
  • Other functions
47
Q

what is the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure

A
  • all domains

  • Membrane somewhat fluid, somewhat solid
  • Lipid bilayers with floating proteins

–amphipathic lipids

  • polar ends (hydrophilic – interact with water)
  • non-polar tails (hydrophobic – insoluble in water)

–membrane proteins

48
Q

do domain bacteria have sterols or hapanoids

A

very few have sterols but can have hapanoids or other molecules

49
Q

what type of proteins are amphipathic

A

integral and transmembrane

50
Q

what are peripheral proteins

A

–loosely connected to membrane on cytoplasmic side

–easily removed

51
Q

what are integral proteins

A

–amphipathic – embedded within membrane and project outward or inward

–carry out important functions

–may exist as microdomains

52
Q

transmembrane proteins

A

•completely crosses membrane from one side to the other-usually transport proteins

53
Q

what is the difference between interactions of outer surface of cytoplasmic membrane and inner surface

A
  • Outer surface of cytoplasmic membrane can interact with a variety of proteins that bind substrates or process large molecules for transport
  • Inner surface of cytoplasmic membrane interacts with proteins involved in energy-yielding reactions and other important cellular functions
54
Q

what are sterols

A
  • Rigid, planar lipids found in eukaryotic membranes Strengthen and stabilize membranes
  • Only found in a very few prokaryotes (typically wall-less prokaryotes (ie, Mycoplasma))
55
Q

what are hopanoids

A
  • Structurally similar to sterols
  • Present in membranes of many Bacteria
56
Q

what are two types of membrane strengthening agents

A

sterols and hopanoids

57
Q

Saturation levels of membrane lipids reflect …

A

•environmental conditions such as temperature

58
Q

what do hopanoids do for bacterial membranes

A

–stabilize membrane

–found in petroleum

59
Q

what is the relationship between cell membranes and temperature/properties

A

•liquid crystal; some properties like liquid, some like solid; needs to be at right fluidity which is temperature dependent

60
Q

what does too cold and too hot mean for a cell membrane

A

–Too cold = solidification (gelling)

–Too hot = thermal lysis (cell death)

61
Q

what do hot and cold temperatures signify for fatty acid composition of phospholipids

A

–Cold – more unsaturated fatty acids – minimize van der Waals forces

–Hot – more saturated fatty acids – maximize van der Waals forces

62
Q

Adjust ratio of sterols, hopanoids or other lipids to phospholipids to

A

•to maximize or minimize van der waals forces

63
Q

what do van der waals forces cause

A

solidification

64
Q

what is passive transport

A

•transport which does not require ATP or other cellular energy to be used by the cell (but energy of molecules are involved)

65
Q

what is active transport

A

•transport which requires the cell to expend its own energy in the form of ATP (or other cellular energy)

66
Q

what is simple transport

A

transport which does not require a transport protein

67
Q

what is facilitated transport

A

transport that requires a transport protein

68
Q

what is diffusion

A

•the movement of a molecule due to its inherent kinetic energy from a region where it is in higher concentration to a region(s) where it is in lower concentration (it is passive transport)

69
Q

what is osmosis

A

•the diffusion of water across a membrane (passive transport)

70
Q

How a molecule gets across a phospholipid bilayer/protein membrane depends on

A

–1) The charge on the molecule – ionic, polar, non polar

–2) The size of the molecule

–3) The shape of the molecule

71
Q

To pass across a phospholipid bilayer/protein membrane a molecule can go either

A
  • A) Between the phospholipids (simple transport) – must be non polar or a very small polar molecule (water)
  • B) Through a transport protein (facilitated transport) – all ions and nearly all polar molecules
72
Q

what is simple diffusion

A

•diffusion between the phospholipids (passive and no transport proteins) – non polar molecules; water

73
Q

what is facilitated diffusion and what is it common in

A

•diffusion through a transport protein (passive)

–common in eukaryotes; less common prokaryotes; In direction of concentration gradient (High to low)

–For ions and polar molecules

74
Q

what is active transport

A

•any transport which requires the cell to expend its own energy (usually ATP); in prokaryotes, active transport is always facilitated (proteins required) and is in the direction against the concentration gradient (low to high)

–Can be ions, polar molecules and sometimes bigger non polar molecules

–No endocytosis/exocytosis in prokaryotes***

75
Q

what are the three types of transport systems

A

uniport, symport, antiport

76
Q

what is uniport

A

–transport in one direction across the membrane

77
Q

what is symport

A

–function as co-transporters

78
Q

what are antiporters

A

transport a molecule across the membrane while simultaneously transporting another molecule in the opposite direction- way of saving energy

79
Q

what is receptor mediated transport system

A

•ligand binds specific protein receptors on cell surface

–Show saturation effect

–Highly specific

80
Q

what is group translocation

A
  • simultaneous transport and chemical modification of transported substance
  • Energy dependent transport that chemically modifies molecule as it is brought into cell
  • Best known translocation system is phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS)
81
Q
A

microbiology (11 decks)

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