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microbiology > cell chemistry 9/12 COPY > Flashcards

cell chemistry 9/12 COPY Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are characteristics of lipids (fats, oils, sterols)?

A

§Non Polar compounds and non polar

§Hydrophobic

§Play crucial roles in most membrane and as energy storage molecules

§Composed of C, H, O but not in 1:2:1 ratio

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2
Q

general characteristics of carbs

A

§Polymers of sugar units bonded together by glycosidic bonds

§Play important roles in cell walls and as energy storage molecules

(mono,polysaccarides)

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3
Q

characteristics of proteins

A

§Most abundant macromolecules in cells

§Found throughout cell

§Have important structural and enzymatic roles

(polymers of amino acids)

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4
Q

nucleic acids general

A
  • polymers of nucleotides
  • RNA and DNA
  • RNA bigger than DNA
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5
Q

characteristics of monomers (mono and disaccharides)

A

§Organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen at a ratio of 1:2:1; polar molecules; hydrophilic

§Most biologically important have 5 or 6 carbon atoms

§Pentoses (C5 sugars): structural backbones of nucleic acids

§Hexoses (C6 sugars): monomeric constituents of cell wall polymers and energy reserves

§Functions: energy storage; building blocks for polysaccharides and nucleotides

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6
Q

structure and function of glucose

A

energy source; cell walls

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7
Q

glucose and fructose are

A

structural isomers

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8
Q

what are derivatives or modified monosaccharides

A

When other chemical species replace one or more of the hydroxyl groups on the sugar, derivatives are formed (derivatives of simple carbs are common in cells)

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9
Q

what are the different names of carbs depending on how many monosaccharides they contain

A

§Disaccharides: carbohydrates containing two monosaccharides

§Trisaccharides: carbohydrates containing three monosaccharides

§Oligosaccharides: carbohydrates containing several monosaccharides

§Polysaccharides: carbohydrates containing many monomeric units (monosaccharides) connected by glycosidic bonds

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10
Q

what are glycosidic bonds

A

§covalent bonds linking adjacent sugars together

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11
Q

what are the possible geometric orientations of glycosidic bonds and what does this mean for macromolecules

A

§Two possible geometric orientations: alpha (a) and beta (b) (crosses plane of ring structure)

§Configuration of bond imparts different functional properties to macromolecules composed of the same building blocks (e.g., starch and cellulose)

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12
Q

what are the different types of polysaccharides and what are they made of

A
  • energy storage
    • starch - polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers joined to each other by alpha glycosidic bonds (tend to be hydrophobic)
  • structural strength of cell walls
    • Structural polysaccharide (cellulose, chitin,etc) – polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers joined to each other by beta glycosidic bonds (hydrophobic)
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13
Q

what type of macromolecules combine with polysaccharides to form complex polysaccharides

A
  • Glycoproteins - polysaccharides + proteins – common in eukaryotes
    • include eukaryotic cell-surface receptor molecules; typically reside on external surfaces of the membrane
  • Glycolipids - polysaccharides + lipids – found in cell walls
    • important in cell walls of gram-negative bacteria
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14
Q

what are triclycerides (simple fats) made up of and what is there function

A
  • Composed of three fatty acids bonded to the 3 carbon alcohol, glycerol
  • Has ester bonds (linkages) between glycerol and fatty acids
  • Fatty acids consist of carboxyl group and hydrocarbon chain
  • energy storage
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15
Q

what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated

A

§Saturated fatty acids – no double bonds between Cs; straight, linear molecule

§Unsaturated fatty acids – one or more double bonds between the carbons; bent or kinked molecule

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16
Q

saturated fats can get close together and solidify because of

A

vand der waals forces

17
Q

what are simple lipids (tricylcerides) made of and linked by

A

fatty acids linked to glycerol by ester linkage

18
Q

what are complex lipids

A

simple lipids that contain additional elements such as phosphorus, nitrogen, sulfur, or small hydrophilic organic compounds (e.g., sugars)

19
Q

what are phospholipids

A

complex lipids containing 2 fatty acids, glycerol, a phosphate group and something attached to phosphate (i,.e., ethanolamine); play a major structural role in cytoplasmic membranes; amphipathic

20
Q

are complex lipids nonpolar or polar

A
  • fatty acids are nonpolar
  • phosphate and ethanolamine are polar
21
Q

what are the types of structural lipids found in cell membranes

A

sterol and hopanoid

22
Q

where are sterols and hopanoids found

A

Sterols found in all eukaryotes, and a very few prokaryotes; hopanoids found in many prokaryotes, but not in any eukaryotes

23
Q

what is the difference between DNA and RNA

A

§DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) – polymer of deoxribonucleotides; genetic material in all cells and most viruses

§RNA (ribonucleic acid) = polymer of ribonucleotides; plays role in protein synthesis in all cells; genetic material of some viruses

24
Q

what are nucleotides made of

A

§C5 sugar (pentose), either ribose (RNA) or deoxyribose (DNA)

§Nitrogen base

§Phosphate

25
Q

what are nucleotides made of

A

nitrogen base attached to C5 sugar by N-glycosidic linkage (covalent) and bonded to a phosphate

26
Q

what are characteristics of nucleotides

A

§Major components of nucleic acids

§Key forms of chemical energy (e.g., ATP)

§Carriers of sugars in biosynthesis of polysaccharides

§Regulatory molecules for certain enzymes or metabolic events

27
Q

what are the two types of nitrogen bases

A

§Purine bases (adenine and guanine): contain two fused heterocyclic rings

§Pyrimidine bases (thymine, cytosine, and uracil): contain a single six-membered heterocyclic ring

28
Q

what bases are pyrimidine and purines

A
  • pyrimidine: cytosine, thymine, uracil
  • purine: adenine, guanine
29
Q

are pyrimidine or purines larger?

A

purines (all bases hydrophobic)

30
Q

what are characteristics of ATP

A
  • covalent bonds
  • phosphate ester bond connects phosphate to sugar
  • amphipathic
  • hydrophilic phosphate and sugar
31
Q

what is a phosphodiester bond

A

§Covalent bond that connects two adjacent nucleotides on the same strand

§Between nucleotides

32
Q

what is a primary structure

A

§Sequence of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule

33
Q

why does DNA twist

A

to minimize disruptive forces of the hydrophobic base interior

34
Q

can RNA be double stranded

A

yes

microbiology (11 decks)

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