chemistry 9/7

Question 1

what are some subdisciplines of microbiology?

Answer 1

medical, immunology, agricultural, industrial, aquatic/marine, microbial, bacterial genetics, virology, biotechnology

Question 2

what positive and negative effects does microbial activity have on agriculture?

Answer 2

•Positive impacts

–nitrogen-fixing bacteria

–cellulose-degrading microbes in the rumen

–regeneration of nutrients in soil and water

•Negative impacts

–diseases in plants and animals

Question 3

what are chemical bonds?

Answer 3

electrostatic forces between positively charged protons of one atom and negatively charged electrons of another atom that hold these atoms together within a molecule or between molecules

Question 4

what is the difference between intra and intermolecular bonds?

Answer 4

intra - hold atoms in same molecule together

inter - form between two different molecules

Question 5

what type of bond can only be intramolecular?

Answer 5

covalent bonds

Question 6

electrical attraction of water can disrupt

Answer 6

forces holding ions together

Question 7

what type of bonds are not found in nature?

Answer 7

triple bonds

Question 8

what is an example of when H bonds would need to be broken

Answer 8

when DNA needs to be transcribed

Question 9

what roles do hydrophobic interactions play

Answer 9

• enzymes binding substrates
• antibody binding to antigen
• protein conformation
• stabilization of RNA and cell membranes

Question 10

hydrophobic interactions

Answer 10

Weak bonds that occur when nonpolar molecules, or nonpolar regions of molecules, associate tightly in a polar solvent (ie, water); non polar molecules disrupt hydrogen bonding among water molecules so they “squeezed together or pushed” by water molecules to minimum their volume (therefore disrupting minimum number of hydrogen bonds) (seen in phospholipids)

Question 11

van der waals forces and the role they play

Answer 11

weak attractive forces between atoms when they become very close due to temporary polarities; Play important roles in enzymes binding substrates and protein–nucleic acid interactions; Play an important role in membrane fluidity

Question 12

what is a major part of all macromolecules?

Answer 12

carbon

Question 13

what are functional groups?

Answer 13

Groups of atoms then when bonded to organic compounds impart unique chemical properties to those compounds

Question 14

phosphate ester

Answer 14

found in nucleic acids

Question 15

thioester

Answer 15

used in energy metabolism

Question 16

ether

Answer 16

found in certain types of lipids

Question 17

peptide

Answer 17

found in proteins

Question 18

carboxylic acid/carboxyl group

Answer 18

organic, amino and fatty acids, lipids, proteins

Question 19

aldehyde

Answer 19

sugars

Question 20

alcohol/hydroxyl group

Answer 20

lipids, carbs

Question 21

keto

Answer 21

citric acid cycle intermediates

Question 22

ester

Answer 22

triglycerides

Question 23

amino group

Answer 23

Question 24

monomers, marcomolecules, and polymers

Answer 24

monomers - small molecules that are the building blocks of larger molecules

marcomolecules - large molecules

polymers - larger molecules composed of covalently bonded similar or identical monomers

Question 25

what is the most abundant molecule and element?

Answer 25

water and oxygen