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microbiology > intro to microbiology 9/5 > Flashcards

intro to microbiology 9/5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the main categories of organisms studied in microbiology?

A
  • Viroids, Prions, Virusoids and Viruses – acellular entities
  • Prokaryotes (bacteria) - cellular
  • Eukaryotes - cellular
    • Protozoa
    • Many algae
    • Some fungi
    • Helminthe (worm) Larvae
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2
Q

What are the three domains of cellular microorganisms?

A
  • bacteria (true bacteria) - prokaryote
  • archaea - prokaryotes
  • eukaraya (eukaryotes)
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3
Q

What are characteristics of the domain bacteria?

A
  • Usually single-celled
  • Majority have cell wall with peptidoglycan
  • Lack a membrane-bound nucleus
  • Ubiquitous and some live in extreme environments
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4
Q

What domain does this describe?

  • Usually single-celled
  • Majority have cell wall with peptidoglycan
  • Lack a membrane-bound nucleus
  • Ubiquitous and some live in extreme environments
A

What are characteristics of the domain bacteria?

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5
Q

What are characteristics of domain archaea?

A
  • Distinguished from Bacteria by unique rRNA sequences
  • Lack peptidoglycan in cell walls
  • Have unique cell membrane lipids
  • Many live in extreme environments
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6
Q

What microorganisms are part of domain eukarya?

A

•Protists – generally larger than Bacteria and Archaea

–Algae – photolithoautotrophs (photosynthetic)

–Protozoa – chemoorganoheterotrophs

–Slime molds – chemoorganoheterotrophs with two life cycle stages

–Water molds – cheomorganoheterotrophs

–Fungi – chemoorganoheterotroph absorbers

  • Yeast – unicellular
  • Mold - multicellular
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7
Q

What are the different kinds of acellular infectious agents?

A
  • viruses
  • viroids and virusoids
  • prions
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8
Q

What are characteristics of viruses?

A
  • smallest of all microbes
  • requires host cell to replicate
  • cause range of diseases and some cancers
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9
Q

What are viroids and virusoids and what are they made up of?

A

infectious agents composed of RNA; viroids = plant diseases; virusoids = animal diseases

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10
Q

What are prions?

A

infectious proteins

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11
Q

Why are microorganisms important?

A
  • oldest form of life
  • found almost everywhere (most live in oceans and soil)
  • largest mass of living material on earth
  • carry out major processes for biogeochemical cycles such as nitrogen and carbon cycle
  • other life forms require microbes to survive
  • cause many human and animal disease and most plant disease
  • cause 99.9% of decomposition - prokaryotic or fungal
  • responsible for deterioration of organic materials
  • many useful products made by microorganisms
  • bioremeditation - cleaning environment
  • food/beverages - bread, yogurt
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12
Q

What is an observation about infectious disease and death in the US?

A

Infectious disease is no longer a major cause of death as it was in the 1900s.

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13
Q
  • smallest of all microbes
  • requires host cell to replicate
  • cause range of diseases and some cancers
A

What are characteristics of viruses?

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14
Q

infectious agents composed of RNA; viroids = plant diseases; virusoids = animal diseases

A

What are viroids and virusoids and what are they made up of?

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15
Q

infectious proteins

A

What are prions?

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16
Q

Who was Antony van Leeuwenhock?

A
  • first person to observe and describe microorganisms accurately
  • used simple microscope
  • 1680s
17
Q

What is spontaneous generation and who discredited it first?

A
  • living organisms can develop from nonliving or decomposing matter
  • francesco redi by showing maggots on decaying meat came from fly eggs
18
Q

Who is louis pasteur and what did he do?

A
  • helped disprove spontaneous generation
  • his experiment involved placeing nutrient solutions in a flask with long curved necks and he boiled the solution and no microorganisms grew; when exposed to air liquid went bad
  • demonstrated that alcohol fermentations and other fermentations were the result of microbial activity
  • developed the process of pasteurization to preserve wine during storage
19
Q
  • helped disprove spontaneous generation
  • his experiment involved placeing nutrient solutions in a flask with long curved necks and he boiled the solution and no microorganisms grew; when exposed to air liquid went bad
  • demonstrated that alcohol fermentations and other fermentations were the result of microbial activity
  • developed the process of pasteurization to preserve wine during storage
A

Who is louis pasteur and what did he do?

20
Q

What did Pasteur and his coworkers develop?

A

vaccines for chicken cholera, anthrax, and rabies

21
Q

vaccines for chicken cholera, anthrax, and rabies

A

What did Pasteur and his coworkers develop?

22
Q

What is the germ theory?

A
  • belief that certain diseases were caused by microorganisms
  • Was not immediately obvious
  • Infectious disease believed to be due to supernatural forces, other factors
  • Establishing cause-effect connection depended on development of techniques for studying microbes
23
Q

Who was robert koch?

A
  • established the relationship between Bacillus anthracis and anthrax (~ 1880) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis and tuberculosis
  • developed many techniques such as
    • agar, petri dish, nutrient broth and nutrient agar, methods for isolating microorganisms
  • kochs postulates still used to establish the link between a particular microorganism and a particular disease
24
Q

koch’s postulates

A
  • The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy individuals
  • The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in a pure culture
  • The same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host
  • The same microorganism must be isolated again from the diseased host
25
Q

What are limitations of koch’s postulates?

A
  • Some organisms cannot be grown in pure culture (some cellular and all viruses) – viruses need to be grown in cells
  • Using humans in completing the postulates is unethical

microbiology (11 decks)

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