Microprocessor (Mod 2) Flashcards
The basic blocks of a computer are the:
- Central processing unit (CPU)
- Memory
- Input/Output (I/O)
Other terms for central processing unit
- Central processor
- Main processor
- Processor
the electronic circuitry within a computer that executes instructions that make up a computer program
Central Processing Unit
Any physical thing that makes up a computer is considered a
Computer hardware
- consists of a collection of programs
- collection of data or computer instructions that tells the hardware how to work or what to do
Computer Software
contain instructions and data for performing a specific task
Programs
Two main types of software
- System software
- Application software
This type of software includes the programs that are dedicated to managing the computer itself, such as operating systems, file managements utilities, and disk operating systems
System software
This type of software is a program or group of programs designed for the end users
Application Software (App for short)
It translates any programming languages into binary or machine language
Compiler
In computers, all arithmetic operations are performed using
addition
is a pattern of 0’s and 1 ’s that represents a specific location in memory or a particular I/O device
Address
Typical 8-bit microprocessors have ___ address lines, and, these can produce ___ unique ___-bit patterns from 0000000000000000 to 1111111111111111, representing ___ different address combinations
- 16 address lines
- 216
- 16-bit patterns
- 65,536
2 locations of data
- main memory
- disk
Disks are divided into
- Tracks
- Sectors
Address definition based on:
- computer data storage
- computer networks
- internet
- Address points to a location where data may be accessed
- Address refers to IP address
- Address refers to web address
manner in which the microprocessor determines the operand (data) and destination address during execution of an instruction. It specifies a rule for interpreting or modifying the address field of the instruction before the operand is actually executed
Addressing mode
a digital circuit used to perform arithmetic and logic operations. It represents the fundamental building block of the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
the mathematical brain of a computer, it is THE thing that does all of the computation in a computer.
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
The ALU is a two in one, it has a:
- Logic Unit
- Arithmetic Unit
The Arithmetic Logic Unit has an operation in which it adds 1 to a number, this operation is called
Increment operation
Arithmetic Logic Unit has two logic circuits
- Full adder
- Half Adder
Arithmetic logic unit functions
- Sum
- Add w/ carry
- Subtract
- Subtract w/ borrow
- Negate
- Increment
- Decrement
- Pass through
Sum of A and B (ALU function)
Add
Sum of A, B, and Carry-input (ALU function)
Add w/ carry
Difference of A and B
Subtract
Difference of A and B with borrow (carry-input) (ALU function)
Subtract w/ borrow
A is subtracted from zero, changing its sign from – to +, or vice versa (ALU function)
Negate
Add 1 to A (ALU function)
Increment
Subtract 1 from A (ALU function )
Decrement
all bits of A are passed through unmodified. (ALU function)
Pass through
is a high-speed, directly accessible, relatively small, semiconductor read/write memory block used to store data/instructions that the microprocessor may need in the immediate future.
Cache memory
How many levels that pentium I1 support
- L1
- L2
In the pentium I1 this cache is contained inside the microprocessor
L1
In the pentium I1 this cache is interfaced to the microprocessor
L2
or timing circuits, synchronizes the microprocessor’s components, it’s a circuit that regulates the timing and speed of all computer functions.
Clock
a list of commands that the microprocessor is designed to execute.
Instruction set
Typical instructions in an instruction set
- Add
- Subtract
- Store
is a hardware device that allows information to be stored and retrieved on a computer
Random-access memory (RAM)
What type of memory is RAM and it requires what
- Volatile memory
- Power
is a storage medium for the groups of bits called words, and its contents cannot normally be altered once programmed
Read-only memory (ROM)
What type of memory is ROM
Non-volatile memory
Register is considered as what type of memory
Volatile
