ICAR (Finals - Mod 2 & 3) Flashcards
formal accords between two or more sovereign states that regulate various aspects of their relations, such as trade, defense, or environmental protection.
International Agreements
Agreements can be either
Bilateral or Multilateral
is a legally binding agreement between two parties, typically two countries or organizations, aimed at regulating specific aspects of their relationship.
Bilateral Agreement
Characteristics of Bilateral Agreements
- Involves only two parties.
- Can be focused on a specific issue
- Easier to negotiate and implement
- Often quicker to reach consensus
Examples of Bilateral Agreements
- United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA)
- The Iran Nuclear Deal (2015)
- The U.S.-Japan Security Treaty (1951)
is a treaty or accord between three or more parties, typically multiple countries, that addresses shared global or regional issues
Multilateral agreement
Characteristics of Multilateral Agreements
- Involves three or more parties.
- Covers issues that affect a larger group of countrie
- More complex to negotiate
- Typically includes a framework for long-term cooperation
Examples of multilateral agreements
- The Paris Agreement (2015)
- World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreements
- The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
Advantages of Bilateral Agreements
- Flexibility
- Quick negotiations
- Focus
Advantages of Multilateral Agreements
- Wider Impact
- Collective Action
- Legal and Political Support
involves measures taken to ensure the safety of aircraft, passengers, and crew from unlawful interference, such as terrorism, hijacking, and sabotage.
Aviation Security
Objectives of aviation security
- preventing terrorism
- Ensuring Safe Operations
- Protecting Passengers and Crew
- Preventing Smuggling
- Protecting against acts of terrorism targeting civil aviation.
- Preventing threats that could disrupt the operation of aircraft, such as explosives or weapons.
- Safeguarding the well-being of those traveling by air.
- Preventing illegal activities, such as drug trafficking, from being conducted through airports or on aircraft.
- Preventing Terrorism
- Ensuring Safe Operations
- Protecting Passengers and Crew
- Preventing Smuggling
Threats to aviation security
- Terrorism
- Unlawful interference
- Cybersecurity
- Smuggling and illegal transport
- Hijacking, bombings, and cyber-attacks targeting aviation systems.
- Threats such as sabotage or unlawful access to restricted areas.
- Attacks on aviation infrastructure, such as air traffic control systems and airline databases.
- The movement of illicit goods, including drugs or weapons, through airports and on aircraft.
- Terrorism
- Unlawful interference
- Cybersecurity
- Smuggling and illegal transport
International Framework for Aviation Security
- ICAO’s Security Standards
- Terrorist Attack Response
- National Regulations
- The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) sets global standards for aviation security under Annex 17.
- Protocols for responding to hijackings, bomb threats, and other security incidents.
- Each country enforces its own security measures while complying with ICAO’s standards.
- ICAO’s Security Standards
- Terrorist Attack Response
- National Regulations
Aviation security measures
- Screening
- Access control
- Passenger behavior monitoring
- Air marshal programs
- Passengers, baggage, and cargo undergo rigorous screening to detect prohibited items.
- Restricting access to sensitive areas of airports, including tarmacs and cockpit access.
- Analyzing passenger behavior for signs of suspicious activity.
- Deploying armed personnel on flights to ensure passenger safety.
- Screening
- Access control
- Passenger behavior monitoring
- Air marshal programs
refer to the negative impacts of air travel on the environment, such as greenhouse gas emissions, noise pollution, and resource consumption.
Environmental challenges
Issues in Aviation
- Greenhouse gas emissions
- Fuel consumption
- Noise pollution
- Waste management
refers to the systems and procedures used to manage air traffic in controlled airspace, ensuring the safe and efficient flow of aircraft.
Air Traffic Management
Objectives of air traffic management
- Safety
- Efficiency
- Capacity Management
- Environmental Considerations
Components of air traffic management
- Air traffic control
- Air navigation services
- Air traffic flow management
- Collision Avoidance Systems
Direct communication and coordination between air traffic controllers and aircraft.
Air traffic control
Provides the infrastructure and systems for aircraft navigation.
Air navigation services
A system to ensure that the flow of air traffic remains manageable.
Air traffic flow management
Technologies like TCAS (Traffic Collision Avoidance System to reduce the risk of mid-air collisions.
Collision Avoidance System
Air Traffic Control (ATC) System
- Area Control Centers
- Approach Control
- Tower Control
Responsible for managing air traffic over large areas, typically at higher altitudes.
Area control centers
Coordinates aircraft approaching airports, managing safe distances between arrivals.
Approach control
Provides clearance for aircraft on the ground and ensures safe takeoff and landing procedures.
Tower control
Types of Air Traffic Control Services
- Enroute ATC
- Terminal ATC
- Ground ATC
Provides guidance for aircraft flying at cruising altitudes in large sectors
Enroute ATC
Manages aircraft as they approacn or depart from an airport.
Terminal ATC
Controls the movement of aircraft on the ground, including taxiing and pushback.
Ground ATC
is the science and technology of guiding aircraft from one location to another.
Aviation Navigation
Aviation navigation encompasses the use of both ___ and ___ systems to provide accurate positioning data to pilots.
- ground-based
- satellite-based
Types of ground based navigation
- VOR
- ILS
A radio navigation system for aircraft
VOR
A system for guiding aircraft during landing
ILS
Types of satellite based navigation
- GPS
- Global Navigation Satellite System
A satellite-based systern for determining precise position and time.
GPS
A broader tem that includes GPS and other satellite systems used for navigation.
Global Navigation Satellite System
are integrated to ensure that aircraft can navigate safely through controlled airspace.
Air Traffic Management and Navigation System
Pilots submit ___ that are processed by ATM systems to ensure smooth routing.
flight plans
ATM systems utilize navigation data to provide the most efficient and safest routes for aircraft.
Route management
Technologies Enhancing Air Traffic Management and Navigation
- Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast
- Performance-Based Navigation
A surveillance technology that allows aircraft to broadcast their position, improving situational awareness for air traffic controllers.
Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast
Allows aircraft to fly on more direct routes based on their navigation performance, reducing congestion and fuel consumption.
Performance-Based Navigation
- are responsible for providing the infrastructure and services necessary for air traffic management and navigation.
- They ensure that air traffic controllers have the tools and data required to manage the safe movement of aircraft.
Air Navigation Service Providers
