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Pharmacotherapy 1 > Micronutrition > Flashcards

Micronutrition Flashcards

1
Q

EAR

A

estimated average requirement, amt of nutrient estimated to meet the needs of 50% of healthy individual in an age and gender group

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2
Q

RDA

A

recommended daily allowance; two standard deviations above EAR.
suffieint to meet hte

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3
Q

UL

A

tolerable upper intake level

maximum level of daily intake of a nutrient w/o any health risk

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4
Q

AI

A

adequate intake; used when evidence is inadequate to set an EAR; approx. of the avg nutrient intake by a healthy pop.

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5
Q

micronutrients include

A

vitamins and mineral

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6
Q

fat-soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

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7
Q

water-soluble vitamins

A

groups of vitamin B’s and vitamin c

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8
Q

macrominerals

A

Ca2+, Mg2+

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9
Q

trace minerals

A

iron, iodine, zinc, copper, selenium (chromium, manganese, molybdenum, fluoride, boron)

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10
Q

vitamin that is the exception to dietary insufficiency

A

vitamin D, can be made in skin when exposed to sun

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11
Q

vitamins are named int he order of

A

discovery

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12
Q

vitamin A examples

A

retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid

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13
Q

vitamin A source (non-dietary)

A

produced from carotenoids, organic pigments in plants

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14
Q

vitamin A function

A

Δ11-cis-retinal reversibly associates with opsins and functions as light sensor

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15
Q

vitamin A deficiency causes

A

blindness

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16
Q

retinoic acid function

A

steroid hormones, regulating cell growth and differentiation

associates w nuclear receptors: retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXR)

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17
Q

carotenoids function

A

antioxidants; may reduce risk of cancers

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18
Q

how vitamin A is stored

A

in liver and retinol palmitate

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19
Q

dietary sources of vitamin A

A

dark green and yellow vegetables, liver, egg yolk, butter, and whole milk

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20
Q

vitamin A deficiency prevalence

A

rare, but 40-60% of Americans consume less than 2/3 of RDA

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21
Q

vitamin D function

A

steroid hormones maintaining calcium homeostasis

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22
Q

dietary source of vitamin D

A

synthesized from an intermediate in cholesterol biosynthesis

produced photochemically in the skin

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23
Q

vitamin D deficiency due to insufficient sun

A

rickets in young children

osteomalacia in adults

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24
Q

dietary sources of vitamin D

A

vitamin D milk, saltwater fish, liver, and egg yolk

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25
Q

vitamin D synthesis pathway in skin

A

7-dehydrocholesterol–UV photolysis–> provitamin D3–slow isomerization–>vitamin D3

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26
Q

form of vitamin E in diet

A

tocopherols and tocotrienols

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27
Q

vitamin E function

A

antioxidant protecting unsaturated fatty acids

reduce risk of CVD by preventin oxidating of LDL (oxidized form is atherogenic)

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28
Q

where vitamin E accumulates

A

circulating lipoproteins, cellular membranes, fat deposits

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29
Q

dietary soruces of vitamin E

A

vegetable oils rich in PUFAs

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30
Q

vitamin E deficiency prevalence

A

rare

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31
Q

vitamin K functions

A

post-translation modification of glutamic acid residues to gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues

blood clotting

bone mineralization

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32
Q

carboxyglutamic acids allow what

A

proteins to bind to Ca2+

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33
Q

vitamin K and carboxylation rxn

A

vit K is converted to inactive epoxide form

regeneration of active form requires vit K epoxide reductase

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34
Q

warfarin and vitamin K

A

anticoagulant, vitamin K antagonist

prevents thrombosis by inhibiting vitamin K epoxide reductase

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35
Q

dietary sources of vitamin K

A

K1 in green veg

K2 is synthesized by intestinal bacterial

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36
Q

vitamin K deficiency

A

rare

37
Q

thiamin function

A

rapidly converted to thiamin pyrophosphate and thiamin triphosphate

thiamin pyrophosphate funcitons as a cofactor in enzymatic catalysis. thiazole ring forms a carbanion, a strong ncleophile. (ex. pyrvate dehydrogenase)

thiamin triphosphate functions in transmission of nerve impulse in peripheral nerve membranes

38
Q

thiamin deficiency

A

severe–>beriberi
chara’d by muscular atrophy and weakness
may occur in populations exclusively relying on polished rice for food or in alcoholics

39
Q

riboflavin functions

A

precursor of cofactors used in many redox xns (FAD: flavin adenine dinucleotide; FMN: flavin mononucleotide)

40
Q

riboflavin deficiency

A

very rare, usually seen in chronic alcoholics

Sx: angular cheilitis, glossitis, scaly dermatitis

41
Q

riboflavin sources

A

milk, meat, eggs, and cereal products

42
Q

angular cheilitis def

A

inflamm at the end of lips

43
Q

glossitis def

A

inflamm of tongue surface

44
Q

forms of niacin in diet

A

niacin (nicotinic acid) and niacinamide (nicotinamide)

45
Q

function of niacin

A

converted to cofactors, NAD and NADP:
electron acceptors or hydrogen donors
essential in many redx rxns and celular respiration
NAD is also used for ADP-ribosylation

46
Q

niacin deficiency

A

pellagra
Sx: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia
Rare; primarily seen in alcoholics, pts w severe malabsorption, and elderly on very restricted diets

47
Q

niacin sources

A

meats, peanuts, and enriched cereals

48
Q

pyridoxine

A

vitamin B6

exists as pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, pyridoxal in diet

49
Q

Structures for micronutrients!

A

https://quizlet.com/_32ur3k

50
Q

cofactor form of vit B6

A

pyridoxal phosphate

51
Q

fxn of pyridoxal phosphate

A

transamination rxn in AA metab

  • syn of NTs
  • syn of sphingolipids
52
Q

deficiency of vitamin B6 Sx

A

mild:
irritability
nervousness
depression

severe:
peripheral neuropathy
connvulsion

53
Q

sources of vitamin B6

A

meat
veg
whole-grain cereals

54
Q

prevalence of vit B6 intake

A

significant fraction of US pop consumes less than rec intake

55
Q

another name for Vit C

A

ascorbic acd

56
Q

Fxn of Vitamin C

A

cofactor for several oxidases

  • hydroxylation of K and P side chains, necessary for collagen stability
  • -proper collagen stability essential for maintenance of CT, wound healing, and bone formation
57
Q

Vitamin C is a (fxn)

A

nonenzymatic reducing agent

  • aid in abs of Fe by reducing it to Fe2+ in stomach
  • protects vit AE and some B vitamins from oxidation
58
Q

Sx of mild vitamin C def

A

capillary fragility –>
easy bruising
decr immunocompetence

59
Q

Sx of severe vitamin C def

A 
scuvy: 
decr wound healing
osteoporosis
hemorrhaging
anemia
60
Q

Behavior that increases vitamin C needs

A

smoking

61
Q

Use of megadoses of vitamin C to prevent and cure common cold is

A

controversial

62
Q

Most abundant mineral in body

A

calcium

63
Q

What are fxns of calcium?

A

bones
2nd messenger
enzyme cofactor
blood coagulation and muscle contractility

64
Q

How is calcium serum level maintained?

A
  • bones as a reservoir
  • diet insuff –> resorption from bones
  • vitamin D is req’d for optimal utilization of Ca
  • Exercise facilitates Ca2+ use for bone formation
65
Q

Symptoms of Ca2+ resembles ___

A

vitamin D deficiency

66
Q

How to maximize bone density

A

Ca intake from diet

exercise

67
Q

How to prevent osteoporosis by micronutrient intake

A

achieve max bone density (Ca intake) from 10-35 yoa

68
Q

Mild deficiency of Ca may cause

A

muscle cramps

69
Q

Who usually does not consume enough Ca2+?

A

low income children

adult females

70
Q

What are dietary sources of calcium?

A

dairy products

nuts, beans, seeds, seaweeds

71
Q

Molecules that contain iron

A

heme, cytochromes, nonheme iron proteins

72
Q

Fxns of iron

A

O2 transport
energy metablism
cell proliferation
immune defense

73
Q

How much more iron do women need compared to men?

A

2x due to menstruation

74
Q

How is iron sequestered in the cell?

A

in ferritin molecules

75
Q

How is iron sequestered in the blood?

A

by transferrin molecules

76
Q

In which groups is iron-deficiency anemia most prevalent?

A

children

menstruating women

77
Q

What are the functions of iodine?

A

synthesis of thyroid hormones

78
Q

What are food sources of iodine?

A

seafood:
fish
seaweed

added to table salt

79
Q

What are the results of iodine deficiency?

A

goiter: enlargement of thyroid gland
cretinism: severely stunted physical and mental growth

80
Q

What are functions of zinc?

A

metalloenzymes

zinc finger proteins

81
Q

What are the consequences of zinc deficiency in children?

A

poor growth

impairment of sexual development

82
Q

What are the consequences of zinc deficiency in general?

A

poor wound healing
dermatitis
impaired immune function

83
Q

What is the prevalence of zinc intake?

A

may be marginal for many individuals

84
Q

What is the function of copper?

A

required by many enzymes

ex: lysyl oxidase, which is necessary for collagen cross-linking

85
Q

What are the consequences of copper deficiency?

A

anemia
bone demineralization
blood vessel fragility

86
Q

What is the function of selenium?

A

incorporated into ~25 selenoproteins in humans

87
Q

What is the prevalence of selenium deficiency?

A

rare

88
Q

How is selenocysteine incorpoated into proteins?

A

Selenocystyl-tRNA binds to UGA codons in mRNA with a special sequence in 3’-UTR

Pharmacotherapy 1 (26 decks)

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