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module 104 - theme 1 > micronutrients > Flashcards

micronutrients Flashcards

1
Q

give an overview of vitamins & micronutrients

A
  • vitamins, minerals and trace elements are fundamental groups of nutrients to sustain life
  • they have a physiological role at the cellular level
  • vitamins, organic molecules are derived from plants, act as co-enzymes in metabolic pathways
  • minerals and trace elements participate in wide rationing cellular mechanisms
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2
Q

how many vitamins do humans require?

A

13

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3
Q

what are the 4 fat soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, K

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4
Q

what are the nine water soluble vitamins?

A

vitamin C and the 8 vitamin Bs

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5
Q

what are the 7 vitamin Bs?

A
  • thiamine: B1
  • riboflavin: B2
  • niacin: B3
  • pantothenic: B5
  • vitamin B6
  • folate: B9
  • vitamin B12
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6
Q

what are you deficient in when you have alcohol liver disease?

A
  • thiamine (B1)

- vitamin D

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7
Q

what are you deficient in when you have inflammatory bowel disease?

A
  • iron
  • B12
  • vitamin D
  • vitamin K
  • folic acid
  • selenium
  • zinc
  • vitamin B6
  • vitamin B1
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8
Q

what are you deficient in when you are obese?

A
  • vitamin D
  • copper
  • zinc
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9
Q

name the 4 water soluble vitamins

A
  • vitamin C
  • B1
  • B2 (riboflavin)
  • B12
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10
Q

name the dietary source, site of absorption and mechanism of absorption for vitamin C

A
  • dietary source: food of plant origin
  • site of absorption: buccal mucosa, stomach, small intestine
  • mechanism of absorption: buccal - passive diffusion, GI absorption is rapid and via carrier-mediated transport system
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11
Q

name the dietary source, site of absorption and mechanism of absorption for vitamin B1

A
  • dietary source: common in all food
  • site of absorption: jejunum and ileum
  • mechanism of absorption: at low concentrations by active Na+ dependent processes and at high concentration by passive diffusion
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12
Q

what do you get if you are low in vitamin C?

A

scurvy

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13
Q

what do you get if you are low in vitamin B1?

A

Wernicke Korsakoff Syndrome

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14
Q

name the dietary source, site of absorption and mechanism of absorption for vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

A
  • dietary source: in most foods in coenzyme form
  • site of absorption: small intestine
  • mechanism of absorption: 2 stage process released from proteins - proteolytic enzymes and then hydrolysed by brush border enzymes
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15
Q

name the dietary source, site of absorption and mechanism of absorption for vitamin B12

A
  • dietary source: synthesised by microorganisms
  • site of absorption: distal portion of ileum
  • mechanism of absorption: pepsin and HCl release B12 from proteins and B12 bind with transcorrin released from salivary glands/in bile/gastric and pancreatic secretions . In jejunum B12 released from TC and binds to intrinsic factor
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16
Q

what do you get if you are low in vitamin B12?

A

pernicious anaemia

17
Q

what are the 2 fat soluble vitamins?

A
  • vitamin A

- vitamin D

18
Q

name the dietary source, site of absorption and mechanism of absorption for vitamin A

A
  • dietary source: long chain fatty acid found in animals
  • site of absorption: small intestine, carotenes upper region of SI (duodenum and jejunum)
  • mechanism of absorption: protein-retinol complex hydrolysed by pepsin in stomach and other proteolytic enzymes in SI and then absorbed, carotenes solubilised into micelles absorbed through membrane and concerted to retinol
19
Q

name the dietary source, site of absorption and mechanism of absorption for vitamin D

A
  • dietary source: animal food, synthesis in skin from UV light
  • site of absorption: small intestine 50% is absorbed, dietary vitamin D2, UV light vitamin D3
  • mechanism of absorption: absorbed from mixed micelle by passive diffusion into intestinal mucosal cell. The liver 25-hyroxylase enzymes convert vitamin D2 and D3 to the main circulating vitamin which is the converted by the kidney and other tissues to the active form
20
Q

what are the risk factors of vitamin D deficiency?

A
  • pigmented skin
  • lack of sunlight exposure
  • skin concealing garments or strict sunscreen use
  • multiple short interval pregnancies
  • elderly or housebound
  • vegan/vegetarian or high phytogeography consumption such as in chapatis
  • malabsorption
  • uses of anticonvulsants, rifampicin, cholestyramine, anti-retrovirals
21
Q

name the dietary source, site of absorption and mechanism of absorption for calcium

A
  • dietary source: dairy products, plant products
  • site of absorption: primarily duodenum, jejunum, fermentation of plant products in colon
  • mechanism of absorption: 20-30% is absorbed in an acid medium. Vitamin D-dependent calcium transport system the intake is low and requirement high, passive process when intakes are high
22
Q

name the dietary source, site of absorption and mechanism of absorption for iron

A
  • dietary source: haem iron in animal food, non-haem iron in plant food
  • site of absorption: primarily proximal small intestine
  • mechanism of absorption: haem iron is absorbed as intact porphyrin complex. Non-haem iron ionised from ferric to ferrous form 35% or iron absorbed when stored are low and 5% with normal iron status
23
Q

what are some roles of calcium?

A
  • egg activation
  • early embryonic events
  • right-left axis patterning
  • organ development
  • bone formation
  • blood clotting
  • brain function & neurotransmission
  • heart function
  • muscle function
24
Q

what are some of the roles of iron?

A
  • function role in all cells
  • oxygen-binding site of haemoglobin and myoglobin
  • synthesis of many proteins
  • necessary for the synthesis of DNA
  • helps produce nerve-signalling neurotransmitters
  • boosts immune system and wards off infections, bacteria and viruses

module 104 - theme 1 (17 decks)

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