MICRONUTRIENTS Flashcards by Qúophy Calbert

In what amounts do we require micronutrients

Milligrams and Micrograms

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What are they called micronutrients

Because they are required in small amounts

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Role of micronutrients

Act as catalyst or substances that help trigger other reactions in the body

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Types of vitamins

Fat soluble
Water soluble

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Factors that can change or inactive vitamins

Heat
Light
Oxygen
Chemical processes

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Factors that affect the amount of nutrients in food

Processing
Storage
Growing conditions
Cooking methods

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Which vitamins can be synthesized by the body

Vitamin D
Vitamin B3 / niacin in small amounts

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Vitamin B1

Thiamin

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Vitamin B2

Riboflavin

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Vitamin B3

Niacin

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Vitamin B 5

Pantothenic acid

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Vitamin B6

Pyridoxine

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Vitamin B7

Biotin

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Vitamin B9

Folate

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Vitamin B12

Cobalamin

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Factors affecting body nutritional requirements

Age
Sex
Physiological state
State of health

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Fat soluble vitamins

Vitamins A, D, E, K

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Forms of vitamin A

Vitamin A
Provitamin A

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Name of Vitamin A

Retinol/ Retinoic acid/ Retinal

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The three carotenoids

Alpha carotene
Beta carotene
Beta cryptoxanthin

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Functions of Vitamin A

Night and color vision
Immune system
Growth Cell differentiation
Reproductive processes
Bone health
Skin and mucous membranes
Embryonic development

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Sources of preformed Vit A

Animals sources only
Eggs, yolks
Liver
Whole milk
Cheese, butter, margarine
Reduced fat spreads

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Sources of carotenoids

Broccoli
Spinach
Carrots
Sweet potatoes
Peaches
Dark green/ yellow orange fruits and vegetables

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Vitamin A deficiency

Night blindness
Xerophthalmia
Total blindness
Susceptibility to infection

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Xerophthalmia

Dryness of the cornea and conjunctiva

Effect of marginal vitamin A deficiency in childhood

Susceptibility to infections

Vitamin A toxicity

Cleft palate Spontaneous abortions

Vitamin A cautions in pregnancy

Consume supplements and medications that contain beta carotene instead of Vitamin A Avoid liver and liver products Avoid consuming high dose Vit A supplements (2800-3300 mcg/day)

Benefits of Vitamin A supplementation in children from 6 months to 5 years

Reduces mortality from infectious diseases such as diarrhea and measles

Dose of Vitamin A used as supplementation for children between 6 months to 5 years

200,000IU

Vitamin D daily adequate intake

1-70 years - 600IU >70 years - 800IU

Liver and kidney enzymes responsible for Vit D activation

Liver - 24-alpha hydroxylase Kidney - 1- alpha hydroxylase

Name for Vit D

Cholecalciferol

Activated form of Vit D

1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3

Role of Vitamin D

Regulates intestinal Calcium absorbing Absorption of phosphorus Normal bone mineralization Regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation Activator of insulin like growth factor-1

Which vitamin deficiency causes sarcopenia and why

Vitamin D Due to the activation of IGF-1 by vitamin D

Best source of Vit D

Sunlight

Foods containing vitamin D

Fatty fish such as salmon and tuna Egg yolks, beef liver, muschrooms Fortified milk, orange juice and breakfast cereals

Upper limit for vit D for above 9 years

4000IU

Vitamin D toxicity

Hypercalcemia

Effects of hypercalcemia

Bone loss Kidneys stones Affects the nervous system , lungs, heart, kidneys and blood vessels

Vitamin D deficiency

Weak bones Rickets in children Osteomalacia in adults Increased bone fractures due to osteomalacia

Effect of osteomalacia

Increased bone fractures

How many compounds make up vitamin E

Eight

Most common form of vitamin E

Alpha tocopherol

Two main types of compounds in Vitamin E

Tocopherols Tocotrienols

Names the 8 compounds referred to as Vitamin E

Alpha, beta, gamma and delta tocopherol Alpha, beta and gamma tocotrienol

Functions of Vit E

Antioxidant

Maximum tolerable levels of Vit E

540-970mg/ day

Vit E toxicity

Negative effects on fat soluble vitamins Exacerbates Vit K deficiency Interferes with Vit A absorption

Sources of Vit E

Vegetables oils - richest source Nut and seeds

Functions of Vit K

Blood clotting Bone structure

Which vitamins have rare deficiencies

E and K

Vit K deficiency

Impaired blood clotting Reduced bone density Increase risk of fractures

Why are newborns up to six weeks old given Vit K prophylaxis

Because they have low levels of vit k which puts them at risk of bleeding

Bleeding disorder in newborns

Hemorrhage disease of the newborn know as Vit K deficiency bleeding in infancy

Sources of dietary Vit K

Green leafy vegetables Dairy products Meat

Which people need higher amounts of iron

Pregnancy Teenage girls

Adverse effects of iron

Generate oxygen free radicals

Diseases that contribute to iron deficiency

Malaria HIV/AIDS Tuberculosis Schistosomiasis Hookworm infestation

Iron deficiency

Delay normal infant motor function or mental function Increase risk for preterm babies Fatigue Affects mental function in teens

Major health concerns of iron deficiency

Poor pregnancy outcome Impaired physical and cognitive development Increased risk of mortality in children Reduced work productivity in adults

Two forms of iron

Haem Nonhaem

Predominant form of iron in diets

Nonhaem

Most bioavailable form of iron

Haem iron

Factors in food that affect absorption of nonhaem iron by binding it in the intestine

Phytate Tannins Fibre Calcium

Foods containing phytate

Cereals and Legumes

Factors which improve iron absorption

Vitamin C Meat

Sources of iron

Liver Red meat Nuts Eggs Dried fruits Poultry Fish Green left vegetables

Main function of zinc

Cofactor

Functions of zinc

Metabolic pathways of protein, lipid, carbohydrate and energy metabolism Cell division Catalyst Immune system Structure and function of skin Wound healing Enhances action of insulin

Zinc deficiency in children

Growth retardation Delayed sexual maturation Infection susceptibility Diarrhea

Zinc deficiency

Delayed puberty and small stature Interferes with copper metabolism

Sources of zinc

Meat Milk Cheese Eggs Shellfish Whole grain Cereals Nuts Pulses

Effects of iodine deficiency in pregnancy

Cretinism in the offspring Stillbirth Spontaneous abortion

How May countries are still iodine deficient

One of the main causes of impaired cognitive development in children

Iodine

Function of fluoride

Minéralisation of bones and teeth

Fluoride toxicity

Fluorosis

Signs and symptoms of fluorosis

Crumbling of teeth Calcification of ligaments and tendons Muscle, joint and bone problems

Sources of fluoride

Fluoridated water Tea Fish