DISEASE CONTROL Flashcards by Qúophy Calbert

3 characteristics of a communicable disease

Infectious agent
Host
Environnement

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In order to survive, an infectious agent must be able to

Multiply
Emerge from the host
Reach a new host
Infect the new host

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Factors the affect immunity of the host

Age
Sex
Pregnancy
Trauma and fatigue
Here immunity

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What is an endemic

When an infectious agent or disease has constant presence within a defined geographic area

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Epidemic

Occurrence of infectious agent or host that clearly exceed the usual expected frequency of the disease in a particular population

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Outbreak

Increase in number of diseases in excesss of what would normally be expected in a community, geographical area or season
Or
A single case or a communicable disease long absent from a population or caused by an agent not recognized in a population
Or
Emergence of a previously unknown disease

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Pandemic

A global epidemic

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Control

Reducing disease mortality, morbidity, incidence or prevalence to a locally acceptable level

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What types of preventions are mostly used to achieve CONTROL

Primary and Secondary Prevention

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Elimination

Reduction of disease or infection to zero in a defined geographical area

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Examples of eliminated diseases

Neonatal tetanus

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Examples of eliminated infections

Yaws
Poliomyelitis

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Eradication

Reduction to zero of the incidence of infection worldwide

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Example of an eradicated infection

Smallpox

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How can control activities be delivered

Vertical programmes
Integrated
Combined

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Core functions in disease prevention

Setting priorities
Detecting and reporting cases
Investigating outbreaks and confirming existence
Choosing a control strategy
Undertaking action
Assessing results of action

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Criteria for prioritizing communicable diseases

Impact
Epidemic potential
Potential for prevention and control
International importance

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The functional levels of disease prevention and control

Peripheral
Intermediate
Central

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Roles performed at the peripheral level

Immunisation
Mass chemoprophylaxis/ chemotherapy
Safe water supply and sanitation
Food safety
Injection safety / stérilisation
Vector control
Case management

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Role of intermediate level

Collect and analyse data
Investigate and follow up suspected outbreaks
Feed info back to peripheral level
Implement prevention and control activities through the peripheral level
Report to central level on suspected or confirmed outbreaks, surveillance control and achievements
Provide materials and technical support to peripheral level
Regular training of staff

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Examples of intermediate level

District and Regional

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Role of central level

Support intermediate level
Deal with outbreaks of national importance
Lisaise with WHO and other countries
Identify requirements and obtain assistance from international or bilateral sources
Provide feedback to intermediate and peripheral level

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Three main methods of controlling a communicable disease

Eliminate reservoir
Interrupt pathway of transmission
Protect susceptible hosts

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Types of reservoirs

Human reservoir
Zoonoses
Non living reservoirs

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Methods of controlling diseases with a human reservoir

Isolation Quarantine

Types of immunization

Passive Active

Groups requiring immunization

Infants and children - immunization schedule Pregnant women - prevention of maternal and neonatal tetanus Adults and those over 50 - boosters esp tetanus High risk groups eg anthrax Special public health strategies for control or eradication eg smallpox, polio Outbreak response immunization

Mechanism of distribution for mass drug distribution

House to house Distribution booths Special groups Work place Meeting lances Clinics/ pharmacies

Prophylaxis for filariasis and target group

Albendazole and Diethycarbamazine Community>2yrs

Prophylaxis for soil transmitted intestinal helmitnhs

Albendazole of Levimasole or Mebendazole Target: school children, preschool children, pregnant women

Prophylaxis for onchocerciasis

Ivermectin Target: individuals >5yrs or 15kg

Prophylaxis for schistosomiasis (>20% haematuria)

Praziquantel Target: school age children

Measles prophylaxis

Vitamin A Target: children 2-5yrs,< 2yrs

Five keys to food safety

Keep food clean Separate raw and cooked food Cook food at or over 70 degrees thoroughly Keep food at safe temperatures (less than 5 or over 60 degrees) Use safe water and raw materials

Main options for vector control

Larval control Control of adult vectors Limit contact between vectors and humans Combined use of vector control methods

Target for SMC

3-59 months old children in Sahel regions

Prevent for malaria

ITN indoor residual spraying SMC IPT

Which people are mostly affected by meningococcal disease

Under 5

Region most affected my meningococcal disease

Sub Saharan Africa

Causative grant for meningococcal disease

Neiserria meningitidis

Countries in the meningitis belt

Senegal to Ethiopia

Mode of transmission for meningococcal disease

Aerosol or direct contact when respiratory secretions of infected persons

Intervention for CSM epidemic

Mass immunization with polysaccharide vaccines against sérieuses A, C, Y W135

Prevention for meningococcal disease

Chemoprophylaxis and Vaccination

Countries that Guinea worm cases were reported in 2017

Chad Ethiopia

Causal agent for Dracunculiasis

Dracunculia medinensis

Mode of transmission for Guinea worm

Ingestion of contaminated water containing the intermediate host, cyclops

Intermediate host for Guinea worm

Cyclops

Treatment for Guinea worm

No treatment

Prevention for Guinea worm

Keeping infected people away from water sources Filter drinking water with nylon cloth Health education

Which countries have HIV 2

Parts of western and Southern Africa

Has Guinea worm been eradicated from Ghana

Yes

Which countries is river blindness or onchocerciasis endemic in

30 out of the 36 counties are in subsaharan Africa

Causative agent for river blindness

Nematode , Onchocerca volvulus

Causative agent for river blindness

Nematode , Onchocerca volvulus

case management for ochocerciasis

ivermectin once a year for a period of 15-20years

Prevention for river blindness

aerial spraying to breeding sites in fast flowing rivers to eliminate the black fly

vector for river blindness

Blackfly- Simulium damnosum

causative agents for tuberculosis

M. tuberculosis M. bovis M. africanum

Modes of transmission for tuberculosis

Droplet infection M. bovis from milk of infected cattle

Drugs for DOTS for tuberculosis

rifampicin isoniazid pyrazinamide ethambutol streptomycin

Case detection for TB

Sputum smear microscopy PCR

When was Ghana certified for gunea worm eradication

2015

Last reported case of guinea worm in ghana

2010

Prevention of TB

Managing infected patients Pasteurization of milk BCG vaccination at birth

Causative agent for rabies

Rhabdovirus

Mode of transmission of rabies

bite or scratch from a rhabid dog or cat

Schedule for IM injections of rabes pre exposue immunization

0,7,28 days

Which country reported a recent outbreak of anthrax

Uganda

Causative agent of anthrax

spore forming Bacillus anthracis

Drug for anthrax

Penicillin V, G or procaine depending on severity or stage

prevention methods for anthrax

Vaccination of livestock Selective preventive vaccinations in humans