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BIOL 230 > MicroLecE3Ch15 > Flashcards

MicroLecE3Ch15 Flashcards

1
Q

Pathogenicity

A

Ability to cause disease

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2
Q

Virulence Factors

A

Characteristics of a pathogen that enable it to cause disease

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3
Q

Virulence

A

The extent of pathogenicity

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4
Q

Portals of Entry

A

1) Mucous Membranes
2) Skin
3) Parenteral route (direct deposit)
- Injection route: needle, nail
4) Respiratory route: preferred portal of entry

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5
Q

ID and LD

A
  • Whether a pathogen causes disease or not depends on the number
  • ID50: infectious dose for 50% of test population – what is the amount that needs to be present to cause illness in at least 50% of the test population?
  • LD50: lethal dose (of a toxin) for 50% of test population
  • Amount changes based on portal of entry and type of microorganism
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6
Q

Adherence Types

A

1) Adhesins/Ligands: bind to receptors on host cells
- Glycocalyx
- Fimbriae
- M protein
2) Biofilms: not all bacteria can form biofilms but those that can tend to be more pathogenic b/c of their adherence ability

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7
Q

Penetration

A
  • In order to penetrate host cell, must avoid host cell’s immune system
    1) Capsules: prevent phagocytosis (hides bacteria from host cell’s immune system)
    2) Cell Wall Components:
  • M proteins resists phagocytosis
  • Opa protein inhibits T helper cells (T cells are specific immune cells)
  • Mycolic acid is a waxy lipid that resists digestion
    3) Can hide in tissues
    4) Enzymes: some can mimic host tissues
    5) Penetration into Host Cell’s Cytoskeleton:
  • Invasins
    6) Antigenic Variation: alter surface proteins
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8
Q

How Bacteria Damage Host Cells

A

1) Siderophores: uses host cell’s nutrients like iron, compete w/transferrin
2) Direct Damage:
- disrupt host cell’s fxn, can shut down mechanisms host cell needs to survive
- produce waste products
- toxins
- cell rupture
3) Toxins
- Exotoxins
- Endotoxins
4) Lysogenic Conversion
5) Cytopathic Effects

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9
Q

Toxin

A

Substance that contributes to pathogenicity. Causes cellular damage

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10
Q

Toxigenicity

A

Ability to produce a toxin. Not all pathogens produce toxins, ones that do are toxigenic pathogens

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11
Q

Toxemia

A

Toxin in the host’s blood

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12
Q

Toxoid

A

Inactivated toxin used in a vaccine

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13
Q

Antitoxin

A

Antibodies against a specific toxin

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14
Q

Exotoxins

A

Specific for a structure or fxn in host cell

  • AB: refer to drawing in notebook
  • Membrane disrupting: lyse host’s cells by making protein channels in the plasma membrane, disrupting the phospholipid bilayer
  • Superantigens: cause an intense immune response due to release of cytokines (small chemical messengers that cells release to communicate w/other cells – in this case, tell immune system to start working and the tissue starts attacking and damaging itself) from host cells. Symptoms – fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, shock, death
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15
Q

Exotoxins Characteristics

A
  • Secreted
  • Mostly Gram+
  • By-products of growing cells
  • Protein
  • No fever
  • Neutralized by antitoxin
  • Small LD50
  • Most due to Lysogenic conversion
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16
Q

Endotoxins

A

Component of an actual cell that is only found in Gram- cells

17
Q

Endotoxins Characteristics

A
  • Gram-
  • Outer membrane
  • Lipid A
  • Fever (Pyrogenic response)
  • Not neutralized by antitoxin
  • Relatively large LD50
18
Q

Viruses Cytopathic Effects

A

1) Inclusion Bodies: causes cell damage by multiplying with them
2) Cytoplasmic mass/Syncitia: one cell with many nucleuses, which destroys cell fxn

19
Q

Fungi General Properties

A
  • Fungal waste causes tissue damage and symptoms
  • Chronic infections cause an allergic response
  • Tichothecene toxins inhibit protein synthesis
  • Proteases
  • Capsule prevents phagocytosis
20
Q

Fungi Toxins

A
  • Ergot toxin
  • Aflatoxin: causes ischemia in kidneys and liver
  • Mycotoxins: neurotoxins
21
Q

Protozoa General Properties

A
  • Presence of protozoa causes tissue damage
  • Protozoan waste may cause symptoms
  • Avoid host cell’s defenses by growing in phagocytes and antigenic variation
22
Q

Helminthes General Properties

A
  • Use host tissue to directly damage host tissue
  • Presence of parasite interferes w/host fxn
  • Parasite’s metabolic waste can cause symptoms
23
Q

Algae General Properties

A
  • Most algae is non-pathogenic
  • Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning:
    1) Dinoflagellates: eaten by shellfish, humans eat that shellfish w/the dinoflagellates which contain Saxitoxin (neurotoxin)
    2) Saxitoxin: makes lips and fingers start to tingle and very quickly causes paralysis and death
24
Q

Portals of Exit

A

1) Respiratory Tract: coughing and sneezing
2) Gastrointestinal Tract: feces and saliva
3) Genitourinary Tract: urine and vaginal secretions
4) Skin
5) Blood: biting arthropods, needles and syringes

BIOL 230 (9 decks)

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