MicroLecE2Ch23 Flashcards
What are the parts of Cardiovascular and Lymph systems?
Blood exits heart, circulates throughout body, plasma goes into tissues becoming interstitial fluid and flushes the tissues b/c blood cannot do it
Plasma is the liquid part of blood
Septicemia
Persistent pathogens or their toxins in blood
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response, body’s rxn to toxins in the blood (SIRS)
Fever, rapid heart rate, high white blood cell count
Severe Sepsis
Sepsis + Decreased Blood Pressure (controllable)
Septic Shock
Sepsis + Uncontrollable decreased blood pressure
Can be caused by multiple different organisms
Results in organ failure
Lymphangitis
Sign and symptom of spetic shock
Lymph vessels become inflamed and presents as red streaking on the body
G- sepsis vs. G+ sepsis
G- bacteria is associated w/endotoxin shock – Lipid A if released into bloodstream leads to septicemia and eventually septic shock
G+ bacteris causes most common kind of sepsis – typically contracted in a hospital (nosicomial infection) like by medical device or open wound
Bacterial infections of the heart
Endocarditis: inflammation of the endocardium. Caused by injury to the heart and then bacteria from mouth travels through the bloodstream and to the heart causing infection
1) Subacute bacterial enocarditis: caused by less pathogenic streptococci from mouth. Very slow process of swelling. Tiredness and lethargy
2) Acute bacterial endocarditis: more pathogenic bacteria like S. Aureus from mouth. Faster-progressing, matter of weeks
3) Pericarditis: caused by streptococci
4) Puerperal sepsis: childbirth fever. Transmitted to mother during childbirth, due to tearing of tissue, by doctors and midwives. Not common anymore due to use of aseptic technique
Rheumatic Fever
Inflammation of heart valves and joints
Caused by strep throat
Rare since most people who get strep are put on antibiotics
Tularemia
Caused by Francisella tularensis (G- rod)
Zoonic disease: has a mammal reservoir
Reservoir: deer, rabbits
Vector: deer flies
Bacteria reproduce in phagocytes. Travel to lymph nodes and cause large pockets of pus to build up in lymph nodes and swelling on the body
Location of the disease depends on location of the animal reservoirs
Brucellosis/Undulant Fever
One of most common Zoonic diseases worldwide
Transmitted via milk from infected animal
Every day spike of fever at night that goes away in morning
Self-limiting – will usually go away on its own
Can become chronic and difficult to treat b/c it hides well in the immune system
Anthrax
Caused by Bacillus anthracis
Most commonly found in soil
Not the bacterium that is contracted but its spore
Spore enters body, grows into a vegetative bacteria, and this bacteria produces toxins which kill cells
3 Types –
1) Cutaneous anthrax: from a small cut fetting infected w/endospores. Causes black ulcer on skin. Not fatal and treatable w/antibiotics (20% mortality rate)
2) Gastrointestinal anthrax: eat something w/spores in it. Fever and diarrhea. 50% mortality rate
3) Inhalation/Pulmonary anthrax: most serious and dangerous type. Inhalation of endospores which then get into the lungs. Starts w/flu-like symptoms and fever. 100% mortality rate w/in few days if left untreated. Only way to effectively treat is very rapid treatment w/in 24 hrs
Gangrene
4 stage progression
Not caused by bacteria, caused by ischemia and necrosis
1) Ischemia: loss of blood supply to tissue. Tissue had been damaged or too cold. Loss of oxygen to all the cells in that tissue
2) Necrosis: premature death of tissue due to no oxygen to the cells
3) Gangrene: complete death of all soft tissue
4) Gas Gangrene: caused by Clostridium perfringens, G+ endospore-forming anaerobic rod
Grows in necrotic tissue
Treatment is surgical removal of necrotic tissue and hyperbaric chamber
Scratches/Bites
Pasteurela multocida, Clostridium, Bartonella henslae (Cat Scratch Disease)
Hard to treat b/c it hides inside blood cell so body can’t detect it
Fever, flu-like symptoms
Plague
Caused by Yersinia pestis (G- rod)
Zoonic
Reservoir: rats, ground squirrels, prairie dogs
Vector: flea
3 Types
1) Bubonic Plague: bacterial growth in blood and lymph, causes swelling. Still happens in US in areas where lots of prairie dogs
2) Septicemia Plague: mostly found in the blood. Septic shock
3) Pneumonic Plague: most serious type. Droplets of plague bacteria inhaled into the lungs
Relapsing Fever
Caused by Borrelia
Reservoir: rodents
Vector: tick
Fever comes every 3-5 days, rose-colored spots on skin
Self-limiting, successive relapses less severe
Lyme Diseas
Caused by Borrelia burgdorferi (only species that doesn’t cause Relapsing Fever)
Reservoir: deer
Vector: tick
First symptom bulls eye rash. Second phase irregular heartbeat, encephalitis. Third stage arthritis.
Difficult to diagnose b/c difficult to detect Borrelia
Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis
Reservoir: deer Vector: tick Fever, flu-like symptoms Self-limiting Originally lumped together but actually caused by two different bacteria
Typhus
Rickettsia
Fever can last up to 2 wks ending in stupor state and possibly death
1) Epidemic Typhus: very pathogenic strain of Rickettsia
Reservoir: rodents
Vector: lice
Transmitted when louse feces get into bite wounds
More common where people crowded into small dirty spaces (Anne Frank died of this)
2) Endemic Murine Typhus: less severe type, usually goes away on its own
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Fever, flu-like symptoms, unusual rash found on palms of hands and soles of feet
Bacterial Diseases of Cardio and Lymph systems
1) Anthrax:
- Cutaneous anthrax
- Gastrointestinal anthrax
- Inhalation anthrax
2) Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis
3) Endocarditis:
- Subacute bacterial endocarditis
- Acute bacteria endocarditis
- Pericarditis
- Puerperal sepsis
4) Gangrene
5) Lyme Diseas
6) Plague:
- Bubonic plague
- Septicemia plague
- Pneumonic plague
7) Relapsing Fever
8) Rheumatic Fever
9) Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
10) Scratches/Bites:
- Cat Scratch Disease (Bartonella henslae)
11) Tularemia
12) Typhus:
- Epidemic Typhus
- Endemic Murine Typhus
13) Undulant Fever
Viral Diseases of Cardio and Lymph systems
1) Burkitt’s Lymphoma
2) Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
3) Mononucleosis
4) Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
Burkitt’s Lymphoma
Must have had Mono before
Caused by Epstein-Barre virus (HHV-4)
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Happens in immunosuppressed people and malaria and AIDS patients
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Caused by HHV-5
Infected cells swell
Average healthy person who gets it has no symptoms
Over 80% of population carries it
Mononucleosis
Caused by Epstein-Barre virus (HHV-4)
Childhood infections no symptoms, older teens and adults get fever, lethargy, swelling of lymph nodes
Transmitted via saliva (“Kissing Disease”)
Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
General term for many fevers found in warm climates that cause hemorrhaging/bleeding along w/fever, flu-like symptoms Transmitted via blood Yellow Fever Dengue Marburg Lassa
Protozoa Diseases of Cardio and Lymph systems
1) Chagas’ Disease
2) Leishmaniasis
3) Malaria
4) Toxoplasmosis
Chagas’ Disease
American trypanosomiasis Caused by trypanosoa cruzi Reservoir: rodents, opposums, armadillos Vector: reduiviid bug Fever, swollen lymph nodes Self-limiting
Leishmaniasis
Many different forms, complex disease
Most common type cutaneous, get protozoa in a wound and then the wound ulcers
Difficult to diagnose, track, treat b/c so many different kinds
Malaria
Reservoir and Vector: mosquito
Mosquito stings human, protozoa travels through blood to liver, reproduces in liver, travels back to blood and reproduces in red blood cells. Eventually RBCs burst and and result in spiking fever/anemia/fatigue
No symptoms until RBCs burst
Treatment/Control netting around beds, remove standing water
Toxoplasmosis
Similar to CMV
Healthy person has no symptoms
Transmitted via eating meat that has the larvae
Most common way to get it is via cat feces
Most severe for pregnant women, can cause stillbirth, congential damage
Helminthic (worm) Diseases of Cardio and Lymph systems
Schisotosomiasis:
Most common in countries w/poor water treatment
Parasite lives w/in a snail in the water, parasite exits snail and gets into skin of human, travels to lymph nodes and then to muscle
Causes bloody urine, stunted development, and granulomas (tissue damage) when it gets into muscle
