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BIOL 230 > MicroLecE3Ch14 > Flashcards

MicroLecE3Ch14 Flashcards

1
Q

Pathology

A

The study of disease

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2
Q

Etiology

A

The study of the cause of a disease

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3
Q

Pathogenesis

A

The development of disease

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4
Q

Infection

A

Colonization of the body by pathogens

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5
Q

Disease

A

Abnormal state when the body is not functioning normally. Disease does not always mean caused by an infection (i.e. Cancer)

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6
Q

Transient Microbiota

A

Present for days, wks, mnths. Normal microbiota that body comes in contact w/on daily basis but does not stay on the body for very long

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7
Q

Normal Microbiota

A

Permanently colonize the host. Bacteria, fungus, protozoa that naturally live on the body, typically not removed by washing/handwashing

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8
Q

Symbiosis

A

1) Commensalism: 1 organism benefits, other is unaffected
2) Mutualism: both organisms benefit (Ex: E. coli in the gut)
3) Parasitism: 1 organism benefits at the expense of the other

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9
Q

Opportunistic Pathogens

A

Some normal microbiota are opportunistic pathogens. Humans live w/them commensally or mutually but they can turn pathogenic and parasitic under certain circumstances
- Ex: MSRA on healthcare workers

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10
Q

Normal Microbiota Functions

A

Protect host by –

  • Occupying niches that pathogens might occupy
  • Producing acids
  • Producing bacteriocins (specific toxins that can kill off other bacteria)
  • Microbial antagonism: competition btwn microbes, helps keep each other in check (Ex: yeast infection if woman goes on certain antibiotics)
  • Probiotics: taking pill full of bacteria to re-colonize the body, intended to replenish and restore balance of normal microbiota in body
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11
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A

Used to prove cause of an infectious disease. Some pathogens can cause several diseases. Some pathogens only cause disease in humans

  • Same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
  • Isolation Step: Pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture
  • Match Signs and Symptoms: Pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible lab animal
  • 2nd Isolation Step: Pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the same pathogen that was in the original diseased animal
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12
Q

Koch’s Postulates Limitations

A
  • Some microorganisms cannot be grown in cell culture which messes up steps 2 and 4
  • Some diseases produce different signs and symptoms in different people (inconsistent disease conditions)
  • Some pathogens cause disease only in humans and cannot test them on humans
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13
Q

Symptom

A

Change in body fxn that is felt by a patient as result of disease, cannot be measure
- headaches, fatigue, stomach ache

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14
Q

Sign

A

Change in body that can be measured or observed as result of disease
- rash, fever, elevated white blood cell count

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15
Q

Syndrome

A

Signs + Symptoms

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16
Q

Communicable disease

A

Disease spread from one host to another

- flu

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17
Q

Contagious disease

A

Disease easily spread from one host to another

- chicken pox

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18
Q

Noncommunicable disease

A

Disease not transmitted from one host to another

- cancer

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19
Q

Incidence

A

Fraction of a population that contracts a disease during a specific time

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20
Q

Prevalence

A

Fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time
- If a rapidly-cured disease, incidence and prevalence rates usually the same, but if not then prevalence rate usually higher

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21
Q

Sporadic disease

A

Disease that occurs occasionally in a population

- chicken pox

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22
Q

Endemic disease

A

Disease constantly present in a population

- head cold

23
Q

Epidemic disease

A

Disease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time
- Ebola in Africa

24
Q

Pandemic disease

A

Worldwide epidemic, reached more than 1 continent

- Zika virus

25
Q

Herd Immunity

A

Immunity in most of a population. If some people have immunity then it protects those who do not, but if that amount of people w/immunity drops below certain level, herd immunity becomes ineffective
- vaccinated kids protect unvaccinated kids

26
Q

Acute disease

A

Symptoms develop rapidly

27
Q

Chronic disease

A

Disease develops slowly

28
Q

Subacute disease

A

Symptoms btwn acute and chronic

29
Q

Latent disease

A

Disease w/a period of no symptoms when the causative agent is inactive

30
Q

Local infection

A

Pathogens limited to small area of body

- cutaneous anthrax

31
Q

Systemic infection

A

Infection throughout the body

32
Q

Focal infection

A

Systemic infection that began as a local infection

- if cutaneous anthrax got into bloodstream and started circulating through body

33
Q

Sepsis

A

Toxic inflammatory condition from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection

34
Q

Bacteremia

A

Bacteria in the blood

35
Q

Septicemia

A

Growth of bacteria in the blood

36
Q

Toxemia

A

Toxins in the blood

37
Q

Virema

A

Viruses in the blood

38
Q

Primary infection

A

Acute infection that causes the initial illness

- HIV

39
Q

Secondary infection

A

Opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection
- pneumonia in someone who has HIV

40
Q

Subclinical disease

A

No noticeable signs or symptoms (unapparent infection)

- HPV in men

41
Q

Predisposing Factors for Disease

A
  • Short urethra in females, higher chance of UTIs and STDs
  • Inherited traits (i.e., sickle cell gene)
  • Climate and weather
  • Fatigue
  • Age
  • Lifestyle
  • Chemotherapy
42
Q

Stages of Disease

A

1) Incubation period: no signs or symptoms. Can vary a lot in terms of length of time
2) Prodromal period: mild/early signs or symptoms
3) Period of Illness: most severe signs and symptoms
4) Period of Decline: signs and symptoms
5) Period of Convalescence: signs and symptoms gone, body going through tissue repair of anything damaged during disease

43
Q

Reservoirs of Infection

A

Continual sources of infection –

  • Human: AIDS, gonorrhea. Carriers may have unapparent infections or latent diseases
  • Animal: rabies, Lyme disease. Some zoonoses may be transmitted to humans
  • Nonliving: Botulism, tetanus. Soil
44
Q

Transmission

A

1) Direct Contact: requires close association btwn infected and susceptible host
- STDs
2) Indirect Contact: spread by fomites (inanimate object like a cup)
- Vehicle Transmission: transmission by food, water, air
- Vectors: arthropods (fleas, ticks, mosquitoes). Transmit by Mechanical transmission where arthropod carries pathogen on its feet, or Biological transmission where the pathogen reproduces inside the vector
3) Droplet: transmission by airborne droplets. Not close up like direct contact

45
Q

Nosocomial Infections

A
  • Get it as result of hospital stay
  • # 4 killer worldwide
  • Caused by microorganisms in hospital environment, compromised host, and chain of transmission (direct route of transmission from healthcare workers touching both sick and healthy people)
  • Most common is UTIs from unsterile catheters
46
Q

Emerging Infectious Diseases

A
  • Diseases that are new, increasing in incidence, or showing potential to increase in near future
47
Q

Emerging Infectious Diseases Contributing Factors

A

1) Genetic Recombination
2) Evolution of new strains
3) Inappropriate use of antibiotics and pesticides
4) Changes in weather patterns
5) Modern Transportation
6) Ecological disaster, war, and expanding human settlement
7) Animal Control Measures
8) Public Health Failure

48
Q

Crossing the Species Barrier

A

Ex: Flu virus

  • Has multiple reservoirs like birds, pigs, goats, chickens, humans
  • Bird gets flue and builds immunity, pig gets different flu virus and builds immunity, and human gets flu and builds immunity but they do not have cross-immunity. This is why there are always new strains of flu b/c of all different reservoirs and constant mutation, and there are always new flu vaccines every year
49
Q

Epidemiology

A

Study of where and when diseases occur

50
Q

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

A
  • Collects and analyzes epidemiological info in the U.S. (World Health Organization - WHO - internationally does this)
  • Publishes Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)
51
Q

Morbidity

A

Incidence of a specific notifiable (pathogenic) disease

52
Q

Mortality

A

Deaths from notifiable diseases

53
Q

Morbidity Rate

A

Number of people affected in relation to the total population in a given time period

54
Q

Mortality Rate

A

Number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given time

BIOL 230 (9 decks)

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